Iingongoma eziphambili ze-NAFTA
Ngaloo mini, uMongameli uTrump uthe uya kuxolela eCanada naseMexico kwixabiso lentsimbi ukuba bavuma isivumelwano esitsha se-NAFTA. Ngomhla ka-1 kweyoKwindla, wayememezele ngentlawulo yepesenti ezingama-35 kwisitye kunye nentlawulo ye-10 e-aluminium.
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-NAFTA kwaqala ngo-Agasti 16, 2017. Amazwe amathathu aye nethemba lokugqiba ekupheleni kuka-2017. Umhla wokugqibela ungabakho ngo-Julayi 2018. UMexico ubambe ukhetho loongameli ngaloo nyanga. Kwakhona, i-Trump 'yokukhawuleza' igunya lokuxoxisana lingaphelisa . Amanye amalungu eCongress ayesongela ukuvimba ukuvuselelwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
UMongameli uTrump wamisela uMmeli weRhwebo wase-US uRobert Lighthizer ukuba abamele i-United States. Iintetho zilandelelana kwi-Trump yecandelo lolawulo lokubuyisana kwakhona kwi-NAFTA isayinwe ngoJanuwari 23, 2017.
Kwiintsuku zakhe zokuqala eziyi-100 , uTumpump usongela ukurhoxisa kwi-NAFTA ukuba iKhanada nelamaMexico benqabe ukuxoxisana kwakhona. Bazimisele ngenxa yokuba isivumelwano siphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngokomzekelo, ayinakucwangcisa intengiso ye-intanethi. Kufuneka kwakhona ukubandakanya ukukhuselwa kwezemvelo kunye nokusebenza kwabasebenzi abakwizivumelwano ezihlangeneyo. Ngaphezulu, jonga iNjongo ye-NAFTA neMbali .
Utshintsho lweTonga luya ku-NAFTA
Ulawulo lweTrump lufuna ukunciphisa ulwaphulo lwezorhwebo phakathi kwe-United States neMexico.
Ngo-2016, amaMerika athenge imali engamaRandi angama-55.6 yezigidi ezivela eMexico kunokuba i-vice versa. Ilahleko lezorhwebo neChanada lincinci.
Ukwenza oku, ulawulo lufuna ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali engekho. Kuya kucela ukukhuselwa komelele kwi-US digital trade trade and intellectual properties. Kwakhona ifuna iinkampani zikaRhulumente, ezifana nePexico yasePexico, ukuba zisebenze ngokubanzi njengamashishini abucala.
Ngo-2013, uMongameli waseMexico u-Enrique Peña Nieto wavumela utyalo-mali oluthile lwangaphandle kwi-Pemex. Kodwa inkampani iyimvelaphi yokuziqhenya kazwelonke, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ifihliwe ngokupheleleyo.
Ulawulo lweTrump lufuna ukuphelisa iphaneli yokulungisa izimpikiswano. La maphaneli omlamlo anqumle ukuba i-NAFTA ilizwe liphatha ukutyalomali kwamanye amazwe. Ulawulo lweTrump libiza ukuba lugxotha ulawulo lwentyala yase-US. Kodwa iMexico neChanada bafuna ukuyigcina. Ngokomzekelo, iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-US litshutshise amaphondo aseNtshona Canada ngokuxhasa inkxaso yabo yokuthumela impahla. Oko kuvumela ukuba bayeke iiplanga eziphantsi kweendleko kwiimakethi yaseMelika. Ihlawula ngokungafanelekanga iinkampani zase-US. Iphaneli yesigqibo iye yalawula iKhanada. ISebe lezoRhwebo liye lasongela ukunyusa i-20 yeepesenti zerhafu kwi-Canadian wooden importation.
UNobhala wezoRhwebo wase-US uWilbur Ross wacebisa isigwebo somnyaka we-5. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba abatyikityi baqulunqe yonke iminyaka emihlanu. Ummandla wezoshishino wuleza wabuyela emva. Ayinakufaka imali kwimimiselo emitsha yemvumelwano ukuba ingahlawulwa iminyaka emihlanu.
URoss naye ufuna ukuhlaziya umgaqo wemvelaphi. Ithi i-62 ekhulwini yeengxenye zeemoto ezithengiswa eNyakatho Melika kufuneka zivela kwilizwekazikazi.
Kodwa oko kuvumela ukuba amaninzi amaninzi avele evela e-Asia engenakho irhafu.
Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukwenza kube lula kwiinkampani ze-Telecom zase-US kunye neebhanki ukuba zisebenze kwamanye amazwe e-NAFTA. Ngokufanayo, ulawulo lufuna amaqabane alo oshishino ukuba avule iinkonzo ezininzi zikaRhulumente kwiinkampani zase-US. Ngexesha elifanayo, lifuna ukusebenzisa i-"Buy American" amalungiselelo okunciphisa amafemu abo ekuphumeleleni izivumelwano zorhulumente wase-US.
Ngo-Matshi 30, 2017, isiphakamiso se-NAFTA esilwayo sifuna ukuvumela "iintlawulo zee-snapback" ukuba ishishini lasekhaya lonakaliswe yimpahla engeniswayo. Kodwa ezinye iingcali zithi loo migaqo sele i-NAFTA.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, uTumpump uthe ufuna ukuba iMexico igqibe irhafu yerhafu yongezwa kwiinkampani zase-US. I-Trump ithi i-VAT isebenza njengerhafu kwi-US export ukuya eMexico. Intlawulo ye-VAT ifana nethafu yokuthengisa yombuso omiselwe kuzo zonke iinkampani kwi-chain chain.
I-Mexico ihlawulisa irhafu ye-VAT ye-VAT kuyo yonke intengiso yeentengiso, nokuba ingaba ezinye iifemu okanye umboleki. Xa iinkampani zithumela umkhiqizo ogqityiweyo eMelika, iMexico ihlawula irhafu ye-VAT. Kodwa iinkampani zase-US ezithumela eMexico kufuneka zihlawule irhafu ye-VAT. I-Trump ithi ikhuthaza iinkampani zase-US ukuba zenze iifeksi eMexico ukuze zithole isaphulelo kwaye ziphephe irhafu.
I-Trump icele iMexico ukuba iphele inkqubo ye-maquiladora. Le nkqubo ivumela iinkampani zase-US ukuba zifake iifeksi eziphantsi kweendleko ngaphesheya komda eMexico ukuze zihlanganisane iimveliso ezigqityiweyo. Bese bathumela impahla kwi-United States. Ngenxa yoko, i-maquiladoras yaba noxanduva lweepesenti ezingama-65 zeMexico zokuthumela ngaphandle kwaye zasebenzisa iipesenti ezingama-30 zabasebenzi bayo. Ukunyusa abasebenzi baseMerika nokuthumela imisebenzi eMexico. I-NAFTA yandisa inkqubo ye-maquiladora ngokuphelisa iirhafu.
Yintoni iMexico neChanada efuna
UMexico ucele iUnited States ukuba ivumele amaloli ayo kwiindlela zase-US. Oko kwakuthenjiswa kwisivumelwano sokuqala se-NAFTA kodwa ihoxiswa yi-US Congress. I-Mexico iphinda ikhangele icandelo lokuchasana nenkohlakalo.
UMexico udala isicwangciso sokubuyisela ukuba iTrump yenza okuhle kule ngongoma ukukhupha i-NAFTA. Yaphendukela kwi-Alliance Pacific. Ngo-2011, ukusebenzisana kwakha indawo yokuhweba yamahhala phakathi kweMexico, eColombia, eChile nasePeru. Ngo-2017, iipesenti ezingama-94 yazo zonke iimpahla ezithengiswa kummandla zazingenanto.
IKhanada ifuna iUnited States ukuphelisa iintlawulo kwiimithi kunye nemveliso yobisi. Kwakhona ifuna iBoing ukuba ilahle umgwebo wayo malunga neBombardier. Isebe lezorhwebo lase-US longeze i-220 yeepesenti yemali kwii-bombardier CSeries jets. Ngenxa yoko, i-Airbus iya kuxhasa i-Bombadier yokuvelisa isityalo e-Alabama ukukhwela umrhumo. Oku kuphazamisa isikhundla se-Boeing sokukhuphisana ne-Airbus, umqhubi walo omkhulu.
EMexico naseCanada bafuna ukufikelela okunyukayo kubahambi bezoshishino. Baya kucela ukufakwa kwamalungelo obulili kwisivumelwano.
I-Trump ingawaphelisa njani i-NAFTA ngokukhawuleza
I-Trump inokuphelisa i-NAFTA ngokuthumela isaziso phantsi kweCandelo 2205 yesivumelwano se-NAFTA. Uya kufuneka enze njalo kwiintsuku ezingama-90 phambi kokuhoxiswa. Akunakudingi ukuvunyelwa kwi-congressional ukwenza oku. Ezinye iingcali zibhekisela kwiCandelo 125 loMthetho woRhwebo we-1974. Ithi umongameli unamandla okukhenxisa zonke izivumelwano zorhwebo. Abanye babhekisela kuMthetho wokuPhunyezwa kwe-NAFTA. Bathetha ukuba, ekubeni iCongress ivume i-NAFTA, kuphela inegunya lokurhoxisa. Insimu engemthethweni yomhlaba.
Nangona iUnited States ihoxise i-NAFTA, amanye amaqela amabini angayigcina isivumelwano phakathi komnye. Kodwa iya kubuyiselwa intlawulo kwiintengiso phakathi kwe-United States neChanada kunye ne-United States neMexico. Oku kuza kuphakamisa iindleko zokungeniswa kweMexico. Ngaphambi kwe-NAFTA, iintlawulo zaseMexico ezinokuthengiswa kwe-US zazingama-250 ephakamileyo kunamaxabiso ase-US kwimveliso yaseMexico. I-Trump isongela ukuba ihlawulwe i-35 yeepesenti yentlawulo kwimveliso yaseMexico. Ngokomthetho, unako ukuphakamisa iintlawulo ngeepesenti ezingama-15 iintsuku eziyi-150 ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwebandla.
Ngaphandle kwe-NAFTA, iMexico kunye neCanada mhlawumbi iya kubuya kwiindawo ezininzi zorhwebo . ICanada kunye neUnited States bekuya kuphinda kubuyiselwe ukuhweba kwabo baseburhulumenteni. Iindleko ezivela kumazwe ziya kuhlolwa iirhafu eziqhelekileyo. Ngelo xesha, abathumeli baya kuthi bawuthethelele urhulumente wase-US ukwenza iindleko zabo ziphezulu ngaphezu kobusuku.
Indlela eya kuthinta ngayo uqoqosho
Kwixesha elifutshane, iintlawulo ziya kunceda iinkampani zeoli ze-US ngokunyusa amaxabiso angaphandle kwamafutha aseMexico. Baya kunceda amafama ase-US. Baya kubuyiselwa imisebenzi engama-500 000 - 750,000 e-California, eNew York, eMichigan naseTexas. Ezi zizinto ezimbalwa ze- NAFTA kunye neengxaki .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iirhafu ziza kuphakamisa intlawulo yokuthengiswa kwabathengi baseMerika. Ixabiso lemali liyakwanda ngenxa yoko.
Ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso ukuya eMexico naseCanada kuya kuncipha. IMexico yayiza kubuyela kwiirhafu eziphezulu phambi kwe-NAFTA. I-Mexico yindawo ephezulu yokuthumela ngaphandle kwenyama yenkomo yase-US, ilayisi, isidlo se-soya, i-corn, i-apula kunye neembotyi. Yiyona indawo yesibini enkulu kunazo zonke ekuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwendawo yengqolowa, isoya kunye namafutha.
Amafama aseMerika akhathazeke ukuba iTrump izakuphazamisa ubomi bawo. Abafuni ukulahlekelwa yi-$ 17.9 yezigidigidi kwimveliso yezolimo abayithumela eMexico ngo-2016. Abathengi babo baseMexico bazama ukungena iimvumelwano zesikhathi eside. Endaweni yoko, abaninzi baye batyebile izinto ezivela e-Argentina kunye namanye amazwe aseLatin America.
I-NAFTA idityaniswe ngokurhweba kwi-$ 1.15 trillion, ngo-2015. Yandisa ukwanda kwe-US ngama-0.5 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Odala imisebenzi emihlanu ye-US emitsha, kuquka nee-800,000 zendawo zokukhiqiza. I-Canada kunye neMexico zatyala imali eyi-240.2 yezigidigidi zamaRandi e-United States, ngelixa iinkampani zase-US zatyala imali eyi-452 yezigidigidi zamaRandi kulawo mazwe.
I-United States ingenisa iimali ezingama-294.7 zamaRandi ukusuka eMexico . Oku phantse ukuba ivela kwiChina. Naluphina utshintsho lomsebenzi luya kusongela ukuhamba kunye nexabiso lala mazwe angeniswayo. Ziquka ioli, iimveliso ezivelisiweyo, izithelo, imifuno, ikhofi kunye nekotoni.
Ngokufanayo, ama-80 ekhulwini aseMexico ayithumela ngaphandle e-United States. Iirhafu zase-US ezi zinto zithunyelwa ngaphandle ziya kubonakalisa kakhulu umnotho waseMexico. Inokunyanzela abanye baseMexico ukuba bathuthele eUnited States.
Ezinye iipolisi zeTragump ziyakukuchaphazela njani: ISicwangciso soThutho seThumela | Iimigaqo-nkqubo zokufuduka ... Unakekelo lwezeMpilo | Indalo Yobumba | Ukunciphisa amatyala