Bondings Bonds
Izibophelelo zokulondolozwa lulo-mali olukhuselekileyo olukhoyo, kuba luxhaswa nguRhulumente, kwaye baqinisekisiwe ukuba bangayi kulahlwa yinqununu. Abanikeli izivuno ezikhethekileyo, kodwa banikezela ngezinga eliphezulu lokukhuseleko phakathi kwazo zonke iinketho kwiimarike ezibophelelweyo. Zilula ukuthenga nge- TreasuryDirect , kwaye akakhokhwa irhafu kuwo onke amacandelo karhulumente nakwasekhaya.
Ukongezelela, banokuthi bangabi nerhafu kwi-federal level asetyenziswa ukuhlawula imfundo. Enye ingxaki yinto yokuba ayenjalo njengamanzi (athengwa kwaye athengiswa) njengokuba ezinye iintlobo zotyalo-mali - awukwazi ukuzithengela ngaphakathi kunyaka wokuqala wobomi babo, kwaye ukuba kufuneka uzifake kwi-yokuqala iminyaka emihlanu, uya kuhlawula isigwebo senyanga emithathu.
Amashishini aseMelika
Naphezu kweemali ezonakalisayo zeRhulumente waseUnited States, izibophelelo zeSebe leMali zase-US zihlala enye yezolimo-mali ezikhuselekileyo ngaphandle-ukunika iimbophelelo zomntu ngamnye kude ukhule. Kule meko, akukho mngcipheko wokungaguquki komngcipheko wezinga lentengo ayikho into. Qhubeka ukhumbula, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimali kunye kunye neengxowa -mali ezithengiswayo ezityalwe kwiiNondye azikhuli-zithetha ukuba zithintela kakhulu ingozi yomyinge. Amashishini ase-US ngokuqhelekileyo anika isivuno esincinci kunezinye iintlobo zeebhondi ngenxa yokungabikho kwengozi yemboleko (okanye ngamanye amagama, umngcipheko wokungagqibekanga).
Iimali zoNgcino-mali eziKhuselekileyo
Iimali zoNgcino-mali eziKhuselekileyo , okanye i-TIPS, yindlela yokuba abatyali-mali bakwazi ukulawula umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso . I-TIPS 'inqununu ishintsha phezulu kunye nomthengi wexabiso lentengo (CPI), enika abatyali-mali "ukubuyela kwangempela" (okanye ukubuya emva kokunyuka kwamaxabiso).
Ngenxa yoko, i-TIPS ingaba yinto ebalulekileyo yepotfoliyo kubafakeli-mali abafuna ukugcina amandla okuthenga okulondoloziweyo. Kodwa i-TIPS, nangona ikhutshwa nguRhulumente wase-US, ayinayo ingozi enkulu-ingakumbi ukuba ukhetha ukufikelela kwiklasi ye-asethi ngemali okanye kunye ne-ETFs ngenxa yobubele babo ekukhuleni kwamaxabiso.
Izibonelelo zeMasipala
Izibophezelo zikamasipala , ezikhutshwe zizixeko, amabandla kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente karhulumente, akhululekile kwiirhafu zentlawulo. Kwaye ukuba i-bond iya kukhutshwa kwilizwe ohlala kulo, ikhululekile kunye neerhafu zaseburhulumenteni kunye nendawo. Kodwa izibophelelo zikamasipala zixhaphake kakhulu kubalimi-mali kwiibhanki eziphezulu. Kwabo abakwii-brackets eziphantsi zerhafu, inokuhlawula ukuhlawula imali ekuthengisweni kweemali ezihlawulisiweyo , kuba imiba ehlawulwayo inika izivuno ezingaphezulu kweerhafu ngaphambi kobume boomasipala.
Iimali ezixhaswe nguMboleko
Ukubambisa izibambiso ezixhaswe ngemali (MBS) ngamaqela e-mortgage asekhaya ayathengiswa ngamabhanki ekhuphayo aze ahlanganiswe ndawonye "ngamachibi" kwaye athengiswe njengokhuseleko olulodwa. Xa abanikazi bezindlu benza inzala kunye neentlawulo eziphambili, ezo ntlawulo zemali zidlulela kwi-MBS kwaye zihamba ziya kubathinteli. Ukubambisa izibambiso ezixhaswe ngemali ngokubanzi kubonelela ngeemveliso eziphezulu kunabancwane baseMelika, kodwa zibonelela ngeengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nabanini bezindlu zokubuyiselwa imali yabo ngaphambi kwexesha.
Iimpahla ezikhuselekileyo ze-Asset
Izibambiso ezixhaswe nge-asethi (ABS) zizibonelelo zamatyala-ngokuqhelekileyo iimali zemali-mboleko, iimali-mboleko zemali-mboleko, iimali-mboleko zokuhlala ekhaya, iimali-mboleko zabafundi, kunye nemali-mboleko yeenqanawa okanye izithuthi zokuzonwabisa-ezipakishwe kwaye zithengiswa njengeziqinisekiso ngeenkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"securitization" ". Nguyena mnye utyalo-mali ozinzileyo oza kubakho ngokuqinisekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo kweempahla, kuba kukho uphando oluninzi olufunekayo ukuvavanya i-mboleko ephantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unayo i-bond mutual fund, kunethuba elihle lokuba iphothifoliyo inexabiso elincinci kwi-ABS. Okwangokunje, akukho mali yokuthengisana-mali ezinikezelwe kuphela kwiimpahla eziqinisekisiwe ezikhoyo.
Iimali zokuThengiswa kweeMali-mboleko
Ukubambisa izibambiso zentengiso (i-CMBS) zixhomekeke kwiimali-mboleko zentengiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi mboleko zizakhiwo zezorhwebo ezifana nezakhiwo zeofisi, iihotele, izakhiwo ezinkulu, izakhiwo zezindlu, iifekthi, njl.
Ngelixa i-CMBS inomngcipheko ongasemngciphekweni, nabo banikezela abatyala-mali ithuba lokufumana ukuthengiswa kweemakethe zangaphandle ngaphandle kokutshala imali kwi-stocks, ngokuqhelekileyo banikela ukubuyiswa okumangalisayo kwimiba engaphezulu kunezinye iintlobo zeekhonkco.
Bonds Corporate
Izibophelelo zentsebenziswano zigqityiweyo zikhishwe ngamashishini ukuze zixhaswe ngemisebenzi yazo. Iibhondi zentsebenziswano zinika izivuno eziphezulu kunemiba kaRhulumente, kodwa zithwala umngcipheko ophezulu ngenxa yithuba lokungafihlekanga (ngakumbi kwimibandela engaphantsi). Ubume bezonxibelelwano bebhanki unikeza abantu abatyalileyo imenyu ekhethiweyo yokukhetha ngokubhekiselele ekufumaneni ingozi kunye nokubuyisela ukudibanisa okuzilungeleyo: ukususela kwixeshana elide ukuya kwixesha elide, kwaye ukusuka kwimiba ephantsi kakhulu kwingozi engaphezulu. Iibhanki zentsebenziswano ngoko ke ziyinxalenye eyintloko yesikhothifoliyo esineengeniso.
Iimali eziPhakamileyo
Izibophelelo eziphezulu zezivuno zikhutshwa ngamashishini anemibono enokungabaza ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela ityala labo ekubeni libala kwibakala lokutshala imali. Iinkampani ezithengayo ziphezulu zingaba namanqanaba aphakamileyo amatyala, amanyathelo omashishini athile, okanye umvuzo ombi. Ngenxa yoko, kukho amathuba amaninzi ukuba ayenako. Iinkampani ezinjalo zifumana ukulinganiselwa kwetyala eziphantsi kunye nabatyalo-mali banqwenela ukuvelisa izivuno eziphezulu. Sekunjalo, izibophelelo eziphezulu zokuthengisa (njengeqela) zinika imali engenayo ngaphezu kweyiphi na iklasi ye-asethi, kwaye iindleko zabo zembali zizonke ziye zazinzileyo.
IMatyala yeMatriki
Iimali-mboleko eziphezulu , ezibizwa ngokuba yimali-mboleko ebolekileyo okanye iimali-mboleko zebhanki ezihlanganisiweyo, iibhanki zemali-mboleko zenze iibhanki kwaye zize zithengise kwaye zithengise kubatyalomali. Nangona iimali-mboleko eziphezulu zikhuselekile ngokubambisa, azikho nto engenazo ingozi. Ekubeni ezi ntlobo zemali-mboleko zenziwe ngokukodwa kwiikhampani zamanqanaba angaphantsi-mali-mali, inqanaba lomngcipheko wemboleko liphezulu. Iimali-mboleko eziphezulu zingozi kakhulu kunezibophelelo zoshishino-mali-mali, kodwa kuncinci kancinci kunezibophelelo eziphezulu. Abatyalomali bebekele ingqalelo ngakumbi kule nqanaba ye-asethi kwiminyaka yamuva ngenxa yezivuno zayo ezikhangayo, ubuchule bezinto ezahlukeneyo, kunye namazinga athambileyo -into ebonelela into yokukhusela ekuthatyweni kwamashishini.
Bond International
Abatyalo-mali abenza kuphela iimbophelelo zasekhaya banokulahlekelwa ubuninzi bemveli-engenayo engenakunqwenelekayo-nangona ukuba iipotfoliyo zabo ezidibeneyo zihlukeneyo. Njengezibophelelo zasekhaya, izibophelelo zangaphandle zixhomekeke kwimingcipheko yesibini yemali (oko kukuthi, umngcipheko wokungagqibekanga) kunye nomngcipheko wezinga lomyinge (ukuqonda ukunyuka kwezinga lentengo). Nangona kunjalo, uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe alisoloko luhamba kumjikelezo ofanayo noqoqosho lwe-United States-oko kuthetha ukuba iibhondi zangaphandle zihlala zibonelela ukusebenza ngokungafaniyo kwiimarike zase-US. Ngelishwa, izivuno kwiibhanki ezikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo zithengiswa ngokuqhelekileyo azikhenkce ngakumbi kunezoNondyebo ze-US, nangona abatyali-mali banokufuneka bathathe ingozi yokuguquka kwemali .
Iimali zeMarike eziPhakamileyo
Izibopheko zoshishino ezikhuphayo zikhutshwa nguorhulumente okanye iinkampani zeentlanga ezisakhulayo. Izibopheko zeemarike ezikhulayo zibonwa njengomngcipheko ophezulu, kuba amazwe amancinci abonwe njengokuba banokungena kwizinto ezibukhali kwezoqoqosho, ukuphazamiseka kwezopolitiko kunye nezinye iziphazamiso ezingabonakaliyo kumazwe anemarike eyimali. Njengoko abatyali-mali kufuneka bahlawulelwe okanye le mngcipheko, amazwe asakhulayo avelisa izivuno eziphezulu kunezinye iintlanga ezisisiseko.