Iileta zetyala zihlala zifumaneka kwizorhwebo ngamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa zingasetyenziselwa ukuthengiswa kwekhaya. Iinkcukacha zenkqubo nganye ayibalulekanga njengoko umgaqo-bhanki uthembisa ukuhlawula "umxhamli" xa kwenzeka okuthile.
Into enokuthi ibe yinto: Ukuthengiswa kweempahla iimpahla, umthengi akakwazi ukuhlawula ngexesha, ikhontrakthi akayi kugqiba iprojekthi, okanye umntu, ngandlela-thile, akenzi nayiphi na imbopheleleko abavumelene nayo.
Xa usenza ishishini kunye nomntu othile kwilizwe langaphandle (okanye nangomthengi omtsha okanye umthengisi kwilizwe lakho lakubo), kufuneka uthembele kubo kwinqanaba elithile. Mhlawumbi awuzange udibane nomntu ojongene naye, kwaye mhlawumbi ungazi kakhulu malunga nenkampani yabo.
Ukuba uthengisa into kuloo nkampani, ngaba baya kuhlawula loo nto? Ukuba uthengela into kwaye uthumela imali, ngaba baya kuzisa iimpahla? Ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwesiqinisekiso, ukwenza amaqhinga kuyingozi. Iileta ezingahlawulwanga zetyala zinganciphisa ubungozi bobabini nabathengisi.
Injongo yeNcwadi yeMatyala engapheliyo
Ukuqonda iincwadi ezingabonakaliyo zekhredithi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izicwangciso ezimbini: Ziincwadi zeentengo zemboleko , kwaye ayinakuguqulwa , zithetha ukuba azikwazi ukutshintshwa okanye ukukhanselwa ngaphandle kokuba wonke umntu avumelane nalo Makhe sihlolisise zombini ezo zinto, sihlole ezinye iingenelo kwaye ukungalungi, kwaye ujonge umzekelo wencwadi yekhredithi esebenza.
IiNcwadi zeTyala
Ukuba sele usayazi ukuba yintoni incwadi yekhredithi, yeqa phambili. Ukuba akunjalo, siza kuxubusha ngokufutshane ngcamango apha, kwaye unako ukufunda i-summary for more information. Iileta zetyala zizivumelwano phakathi komthengi (ngokuqhelekileyo ungumngenisi) kunye nebhanki lomthengi. Ibhanki iyavuma ukuhlawula umthengisi (umthengisi) ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile.
Ukuze uhlangabezane nale miqathango, umthengisi kufuneka nje ukuba athumele iimpahla zomthengi ngexesha kwaye ahlangabezane naziphi na iimfuno ezibhalwe kwileta. Esi sivumelwano sinikela ukhuseleko kumaqela omabini - umthengi kunye nomthengisi: Umthengi uyazi ukuba akayi kuhlawula nayiphi na into ade ihanjiswe impahla okanye iinkonzo zenziwe, kwaye umdayisi uyazi ukuba uya kuhlawulwa ngokukhawuleza njengoko enza konke okuchazwe kwileta. Nangona kunjalo, iileta zetyala aziyikuphelisa ngokupheleleyo iingxaki. Abathengi kunye nabathengisi bahlala bebeka ingozi-nangona ileta engenakutshintsho.
Kubathengisi, iitaliti zetyala ziyinzuzo ngakumbi kuba umthengisi uhlala ethembele ngamandla ebhankini - kungekhona amandla omthengi. Xa uthengisa into ethile, uyazi njani ukuba uya kuhlawulwa - ngakumbi ukuba awuzange uqhube kunye nentsebenziswano kunye (kwaye bangaphi abathengi phesheya bazimisele ukuhlawula kwangaphambili)? Nangona uthembela ukuba umthengi wakho uzimisele ukuhlawula, izinto ezimbi zenzeke kwaye umthengi wakho akanakho ukufumana imali ngexesha xa kuhlawulwa.
Ngetekisi ekhangekayo yekhredithi, akufanele ukhathazeke ngemeko yezemali yomthengi. Emva kokuba ikhutshwe ileta, unesithembiso esivela kwibhankini ekhuphe yona.
Ibhanki iya kukuhlawula ngokukhawuleza xa ubonisa ukuba uye wadibana neemeko ezichazwe kwisivumelwano, ngoko kufuneka uhlolisise indlela ozinzile kwaye ohloniphekileyo ngayo ibhanki (ngokuchasene nokuvavanya wonke umntu onokuthengayo kuwo onke amazwe) . Ukufumana ingxoxo engaphezulu, khangela ii-Letters of Credit kunye ne-Akhawunti evulekile.
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka uhlangabezane neemfuno zeleta (kunye nokuthotyelwa kwe-100%) ukuze uhlawulelwe. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, i-bhanki ingafuni ukuhlawulwa. Oku kuquka yonke into evela kwiingxaki ezinkulu (ukuthumela ukuthunyelwa kwangaphambili okanye ngokukhawuleza) kwiingxaki ezibonakala ziyingxaki (iimpazamo zobuninzi kwisivumelwano, okanye ukufaka igama elithi "Suite" ye "Unit" kwidilesi yakho). Ibhankini yoshishino lokuqinisekisa amaxwebhu, kwaye abanandaba nayiphi na into.
Kubathengi, iileta zetyala zingancedisa ukuba kukho into eyenziwe.
Umdayisi akazange avume ukuhlawula imali yakho aze aphephe i-coop - ngokuqinisekileyo wathumela into ethile. Nangona kunjalo, ileta engenakutshintshayo yekhredithi malunga namaxwebhu kwaye ayinanto enxulumene nomgangatho weempahla ezithunyelwa. Ibhanki yakho iya kuhlawula xa umthengisi wakho anika amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba uthunyelwe. Ngeke ukwazi ukuba yintoni ekuthunyelwa kuyo ade ifike (kwaye imali iya kuhamba). Ukulawula ingozi, unokufuna ukuba isatifikethi sokuhlola sibe sesinye seemviwo ezifunekayo.
Umzekelo
Indlela elula yokuqonda ityala lekhredithi kukujonga umzekelo. Ungabona umboniso wenkqubo okanye ufunde ngomzekelo ongezantsi. Lo ngumzekelo jikelele ukubonisa umxholo, kwaye nayiphi na into oyenzayo iya kubonakala ihlukile. Kungase kube namanyathelo amaninzi (kunye nabahleli) abandakanyekayo.
- U-Sally, kwizwe X, ufuna ukuthenga amawijethi ukusuka kuGeorge, kwiLizwe Z
- U-Sally akafuni ukuhlawula phambili, kwaye uGeorge akafuni ukwakha ama-widgets ade abe nethemba lokuba uya kuhlawulwa
- USally noGeorge bavumelana malunga nemali, ubuninzi, umhla wokuthunyelwa, kunye neminye imigomo
- USally ubuza ibhanki yakhe ngencwadi yesikweletu kwaye unike iinkcukacha malunga nesivumelwano sakhe noGeorge ebhankini
- Ibhanki ye-Sally idlulisela ibhanki kwiLizwe Z (siza kubiza ukuba ibhanki yebhanki yaseBeorge)
- Ibhanki yaseGeorge inikeza incwadi yekhredithi kuGeorge, oyijongayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba unokuhlangabezana neemfuno
- UGeorge uvelisa amawijethi kwaye uyabathumela kuSally
- UGeorge unikeza amaxwebhu kwibhanki yakhe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uye wathumela
- Ibhanki yaseGeorge ihlolisisa amaxwebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlangabezana neemfuno kwileta yekhredithi, kwaye idlulisela amaxwebhu kwibhanki yakwaSally (kule ngongoma, uGeorge unokuhlawulelwa, okanye unokufuneka alinde)
- Ibhanki ye-Sally ihlaziya amaxwebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlangabezana neemfuno, kwaye ukuba yenzayo, ibhanki ye-Sally ithumela ukuhlawula kwibhanki yaseGeorge
- Ibhanki ye-Sally inikezela amaxwebhu kwi-Sally, kuquka namaphepha aza kuyimfuneko ukuba afake ityala xa ifika kwizwe X
- Ibhanki yaseGeorge ihlawula uGeorge
USally uhlawula nini ibhanki yakhe? Kuyaxhomekeka. Unokufuneka anikezele ngemali phambili (kodwa engayithumeli imali kuGeorge - uvumela nje ibhanki ibambe kuyo kuze kufike amaxwebhu). Okanye, ukuba unelungelo lokuthenga ngetyala kunye nokubambisa , ibhanki yakhe ingalinda kwaye icele imali emva kokuba incwadi yekhredithi ibuyele kunye namaxwebhu adingekayo. Ekugqibeleni, ibhanki ye-Sally inokukhipha imali mboleko ku-Sally njengenxalenye yecandelo lekhredithi, kwaye uya kubuyisela imali mboleko ngexesha.
I-Letter ye-Credit engapheliyo
Iileta zetyala, ngokubanzi, zisebenza njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla. Kodwa kuthekani ngeencwadi ezingenakutshintsho zemboleko?
Ileta engaphendukiyo yekhredithi kuphela yileta yesikweletu ayikwazi ukutshintshwa okanye yokukhanselwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu bonke abachaphazelekayo: umthengi, umthengisi kunye nawaphi na amabhanki athathwe.
Kunzima kakhulu ukufumana ileta yekhredithi engenakuguquka. Nangona kunjalo, kusoloko kulungele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba unayo okanye ingenakucatshulwa okanye ingenakukhutshwa. Kucacile, kunzima ukucwangcisa xa izinto zingatshintsha naliphi na ixesha.
Abadayisi ngokubanzi bafuna ukuba iileta zetyala zingenakuguquka ngenxa yokuba zingatshiswa xa zivelisa kwaye zithumela impahla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuhlawula. Kodwa abathengi banokufuna izinto zibekwe kwilitye: abafuni ukuba abathengisi bathumele impahla ngokukhawuleza okanye batshintshe ubuninzi bee-oda ngaphandle kokuxoxa ngezinto kuqala. Ekugqibeleni, umngcipheko omkhulu owela kubathengisi, kwaye kufuneka ugweme ukuthengisa nayiphi na incwadi enekhredithi echithwayo.
Indlela yokufumana i-Letter ye-Credit engapheliyo
Ukuba ufuna ukufumana ileta yesikweletu, uthetha ngebhanki yakho. Mhlawumbi ufuna umntu kumashishini angaphandle (okanye afana). Ungazami ukwenza ityala lekhredithi ngokwakho, kwaye "ungaguquleli" ileta yekhredithi eyenziwa ngumnye umntu. Yintoni enkulu? Ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingcaciso, ubeka ingozi kwimfazwe yemali ebiza kakhulu (mhlawumbi phesheya kwelinye ilizwe, apho imithetho ingahluka kwizinto oqhelekileyo kuzo), kwaye awukwazi ukuhlawulwa ngokuthumela izinto ozithumelayo. Ungasindisa amabhaksi ambalwa ngokwenza ngokwakho, kodwa ingozi ibalulekileyo.
Kubathengisi, yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga ezinye iindlela zokubhalela iileta zetyala, kuquka i-inshorensi yeentengo zorhwebo, ezinokungabibizi, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeetekethi ze-credit .