Ileta yeNtengiso yeTyala
Le yileta ebhaliweyo yesikweledu esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ngamazwe, kwaye ingahanjelwa kwakhona njengetyala lomqulu.
Iileta zetyala zinika ukhuseleko kubathengi kunye nabathengisi: i-bhanki iqinisekisa ukuhlawula ngokukhawuleza ukuba amaxwebhu akhiqizwa ngumthengisi (ukuba loo maxwebhu ahlangabezane neemfuno ezibhalwe kwileta yesikweletu).
I-Letter of Credit
Olu hlobo lwencwadi yekhredithi alufani: linikeza inkokhelo ukuba into ehluleka ukuyenza. Esikhundleni sokuququzelela ukuthengiselana, ileta yokulinda yemboleko inikeza isinxephezelo xa kukho into engalunganga. Iibhokisi zetyala zamehlo zifana neencwadi zentengiso, kodwa zihlawulwa kuphela xa umvuzo (okanye "umxhamli") ebonisa ukuba abazange bafumane into ethembisiwe. Iibhokisi zetyala zemali zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uya kuhlawulwa, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo ziya kwenziwa ngokwanelisayo.
Uqinisekisiwe (kwaye awuqinisekisiwe) Iincwadi zeTyala
Xa ibhalwa lekhredithi iqinisekisiwe, enye ibhanki (mhlawumbi enye leyo inokuthi ixhamla inzuzo) iqinisekisa ukuba inkokhelo iya kwenziwa.
Abangaphandle bangenakuyithemba ibhanki enika incwadi yekhredithi egameni lomthengi (kuba umthengisi akaqhelanga nalo bhanki, umzekelo, kwaye akaqinisekanga ukuba intlawulo iya kufike), ngoko banokufuna ukuba ibhanki ilizwe labo liyakuqinisekisa ileta. Ukuba ibhanki ekhuphayo ihluleka ukuhlawula - kwaye umthumeli uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zeleta yekhredithi-ibhanki eqinisekisiweyo iya kufuneka ihlawule umthengisi (kwaye uzama ukuqokelela kwibhanki elikhupha kamva).
Buyela kwiiNcwadi zeNkcazo eziPhindayo
Ukubuyela kwirejista yangaphambili yekhredithi ivumela abaphathi ukuba baxhumane abathengi kunye nabathengisi. Iileta ezimbini zeetyala zisetyenziswa ukuze iqela ngalinye lihlawulwe ngokwemiqathango: umlamli uhlawulwa ngumthengi, kwaye umthengi uhlawulwa ngummlamli. Umthengi wokugqibela kunye nomthengisi usebenzisa i-"master" ileta yekhredithi, kunye nomthengisi kunye nomthengisi basebenzise ileta yesikweletu esekelwe kwileta yenkosi.
Iincwadi zokuTyala eziThuthukayo
Ileta ehambayo yekhredithi ingasetyenziselwa iintlawulo ezininzi. Ukuba umthengi kunye nomthengisi balindele ukuqhuba ishishini rhoqo, banokukhetha ukungafumani ityala elitsha lekhredithi kuyo yonke intengiso (okanye kuyo yonke inyathelo kwicandelo lokuthengiselana). Olu hlobo lwencwadi yekhredithi ivumela amashishini ukuba asebenzise ileta enye yekhredithi ngokuthengisana ezininzi kuze kube yileta leta iphela (ngokuqhelekileyo unyaka owodwa).
I-Letter Letter of Credit
Inkokhelo phantsi kweso sibonelelo sekhredithi senziwa ngokukhawuleza xa umxhamli ehambisa amaxwebhu avumelekileyo kwibhanki efanelekileyo. Ibhanki inemihla embalwa ukuhlaziya amaxwebhu kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ihlangabezana neemfuno kwileta yesikweletu. Ukuba amaxwebhu ayahambelana, intlawulo yenziwa ngokukhawuleza.
I-Letter yeTyala lokuTyala
Ngolu hlobo lwencwadi yekhredithi, intlawulo ayiyenzeki ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba amaxwebhu amkelwe.
Ixesha elithile elivunyelweneyo lidlula phambi kokuba umthengisi athathe imali. Ileta yokuhlawulwa yentengo yemboleko ngokucacileyo iyintengo engcono yabathengi kunabathengisi. Ezi ziyaziwa njengegama leetyala zeetyala.
Ileta Ebomvu I-Letter of Credit
Ngomhlathi obomvu, umxhamli unakho ukufikelela kwi-cash front. Umthengi uvumela i mboleko engakhuselekanga ukuba ikhishwe njengenxalenye yetyala lekhredithi, eyona nto ihamba phambili kuyo yonke intlawulo. Umthengisi okanye umxhamli angasebenzisa imali ukuthenga, ukuvelisa okanye ukuthumela impahla kumthengi.
I-Letter ye-Credit engapheliyo
Ileta engenakutshintsho yetyala yincwadi yekhredithi engenakuguqulwa ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Phantse zonke iileta zekhredithi ngoku zingenakuguquka, kuba iibrari ezikhupheleyo zekhredithi aziwaniki nje ukhuseleko abaninzi abaxhamli bafuna.
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo, funda iphepha lethu kwieNcwadi zokuTyala ezingenakulungiswa .