Iyintoni imbali yayo?
Ukukhuthazwa kwe-NAFTA kwaqala ngoMongameli uRonald Reagan , ocebisa umrhweba oqhelekileyo waseMntla American kwiphulo lakhe.
Ngowe-1984, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho woRhwebo kunye noMthamo. Oko kwanika umongameli "igunya lokukhawuleza " igunya lokuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zentengiso yamahhala . Isusa igunya leCongress ukuguqula iingongoma zokuthetha. Kunoko, ivumela iCongress kuphela ukuba ivume okanye ayivumeli isivumelwano sonke. Oku kwenza ukuba uxoxiswano lube lula ngakumbi kulawulo. Abalingani bezoshishino akudingeki bakhathazeke kukuba iCongress iya kwenza izinto ezithile ze-nitpick.
UNdunankulu waseCanada u-Mulroney wavumelana noReagan ukuba aqalise iingxoxo kwiSivumelwano saseKhanada sase-Canada-United States. Isayinwe ngo-1988 kwaye yaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1989. (Umthombo: "NAFTA Isihlandlo," NaFina.)
Umlandeli kaRegan, uMongameli uHW Bush, waqalisa intetho kunye noMongameli waseMexico waseSalinas kwisivumelwano sokuhweba ngokukhululeka phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Ngaphambi kwe-NAFTA, iintlawulo zaseMexico ezinokuthengiswa kwe-US zazingama-250 ephakamileyo kunamaxabiso ase-US kwimveliso yaseMexico.
Ngomnyaka we-1991, iKhanada yacela isivumelwano esithandathu, okwangakhokelela kwi-NAFTA. Ngo-1993, ukukhathazeka malunga nokukhululeka kwemigaqo yabasebenzi kunye nemimiselo yendalo yikhokelela ekubeni kwamkelwe ama-addendum amabini.
Ngo-1992, i-NAFTA yasayinwa nguMongameli uGeorge HW Bush, uMongameli waseMexico waseSalinas kunye noNkulumbuso waseCanada uBrian Mulroney.
Yayigunyazisiwe yi-legislature yamazwe amathathu ngo-1993. I- House of Representatives yase-United States yamkele i-234 ukuya kwi-200 ngoNovemba 17, 1993. I-Senate yase-United States yavuma ukuba yi-60 ukuya kwe-38 ngoNovemba 20, iintsuku ezintathu emva koko.
UMongameli uBill Clinton watyikitya ngomthetho ngomhla kaDisemba 8, 1993. Wangenela ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 1994. Kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuMongameli uClinton, kwaye inqaku layo libhekwa njengelinye lempumelelo yakhe yokuqala. (Umthombo: "I-NAFTA isayinwe kuMthetho," History.com, ngoDisemba 8, 1993.)
Iyintoni Injongo Yayo?
Isiqendu 102 se-NAFTA siveza injongo yaso. Kukho iinjongo ezisixhenxe.
- Nika abaphathi abathandekayo belizwe .
- Ukunciphisa izithintelo zokurhweba kunye nokuququzelela ukuhamba kweempahla kunye neenkonzo.
- Ukukhuthaza iimeko zokuncintisana ngokufanelekileyo.
- Ukwandisa amathuba otyalo-mali.
- Ukubonelela ngokukhusela nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo epropati yengqondo.
- Yenza iinkqubo zokusombulula iingxabano zorhwebo.
- Ukuseka isakhelo sokwenza intsebenziswano eqhubekayo yesigxina, yesithili kunye neyeninzi ngokubanzi ukwenzela ukwandisa inzuzo yezivumelwano zorhwebo. (Umthombo: "I-FAQ," i-NAFTA Secretariat.)
Ngaba Ufezekise Injongo Yalo?
I-NAFTA izalisekise zonke iinjongo zayo ezixhenxe. Le nto yenziwe ibe yindawo enkulu yokuhweba inkululeko yehlabathi ngokuphathelele kwimveliso engaphantsi kwemveliso.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, kwandiswe ukhuphiswano lwala mazwe amathathu kwindawo yokuthengisa. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukususela ekuqalweni kweYurophu . Incedwe ukunqoba ukukhula koqoqosho lwe-China kunye nokunyuka kwamanye amazwe athengayo. Ngo-2007, i-EU ithathe indawo yaseUnited States njengoluqoqosho olukhulu kwihlabathi . Ngo-2015, iShayina yatshintsha zombini kwaye yathatha indawo ephezulu.
Umkhankaso kaMongameli we-2016
UDonald Trump wathembisa ukuhlaziya i-NAFTA kwakhona ukuze athathe i-Arterial dealers. Ufuna iMexico ukuphelisa irhafu ye-VAT kwimveliso yase-US eya eMexico. Kwakhona ufuna iMexico iqede inkqubo yayo ye-maquiladora. Ukuba iMexico neCanada abavumelani, uya kuhoxisa kwi-NAFTA. Kwakhona wayesongela ukunyusa i-35 yeepesenti kwiimveliso zaseMexico. Nantsi into eyenzekayo Ukuba i-Trump ilahla i-NAFTA.
Umkhankaso woMongameli ka-2008
I-NAFTA yahlaselwa ngamacala onke ngethuba lika-2008.
UBarack Obama wagweba ngeliso lokungasebenzi . Uthe uthe wanceda amabhankini ngeendleko zabasebenzi baseUnited States. Kwakungenalo ukukhusela ngokwaneleyo ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimida eMexico.
U-Hillary Clinton waquka isivumelwano sokuthengisa kwisibambiso sakhe sokunyanzelisa ngokusemthethweni zonke izivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhoyo, kunye nokumisa naziphi na ezitsha. Bobabini abaviwa bathembisa ukulungiswa okanye ukubuyela ngaphandle kwesivumelwano ngokupheleleyo. U-Obama akenzanga nantoni na malunga nalezi zithembiso xa athe waba ngumongameli.
Ngo-2008, umviwa waseRiphabhliki uRon Paul uthe uya kuphelisa isivumelwano sokuthengisa. Wathi uthe uxanduva lwe "superhighway" kwaye walithelekisa neYurophu Yomanyano. Kodwa ngokungafani ne-EU, i-NAFTA ayinyanzelisi imali enye phakathi kwabasayina bayo. UPawulos wagcina le ndawo kwiphankaso yakhe ka-2012 .
Umtyunjwa waseRiphabhulikhi uJohn McCain uxhasa i-NAFTA, njengoko wenza zonke izivumelwano zokurhweba. Enyanisweni, wayefuna ukunyanzelisa icandelo elikhoyo ngaphakathi kwalo elithembisa ukuvula iUnited States kwi-trucking industry.
URoss Perot
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo ze-NAFTA, uye wahlala ephikisana kakhulu. Iingxaki zalo zidla ngokubonakala ngexesha lophulo likamongameli. Ngowe-1992, ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano sorhwebo sagunyazwe, uMongameli we-Independent candidate uRoss Perot wayelumkisa ngelithi, "Uyakuva ukuxhamla isandi semisebenzi ekhutshwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe." U-Ross wabikezela ukuba iUnited States yayiza kulahlekelwa yimisebenzi eyizigidi ezi-5 kubaqeshwa baseMexican abangezantsi. Leyo yayiza kuba yi-4 percent ye-US esebenzayo.
Ukubikezela kukaPerot akuzange kwenzeke. UMexico wangena kwilizwe kwaye iMelika yafaka ixesha lokuchuma. Enyanisweni, abasebenzi baseMerika baphunyezwe ngeendleko eziphantsi kweMexico. Kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba lufana no-2,000 ngenyanga. Fumana i ngakumbi nge- NAFTA Pros and Cons. (Umthombo: "Imisebenzi kunye ne-NAFTA," uBrad DeLong.)