Abaninzi bacinga ukuba uLawrence H. Summers uza kukhethwa nguMongameli Obama njengoSihlalo we-Federal Reserve. Kunoko, u-Obama wathabatha i-Vice-Chair Vice-Chairman uJanet Yellen .
I-Summers ngoku nguNjingalwazi weYunivesithi kaCharles W. Eliot kwiSikolo soRhulumente weYunivesithi yaseHarvard uJohn F. Kennedy . Ungumlawuli we-hedge fund DE Shaw, usebenze kwiCitigroup, kwaye usebhodi ezimbini zokuqala. Iingqungquthela zenza igalelo kwiMali zeMali kunye nee-Brookings Papers kwi-Economic Activity.
Abaqokeleli babengumlawuli weBhunga likaZwelonke loQoqosho u-2009-2011. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi banokuthi bangabamkeli bezopolitiko phakathi kweqela lezomnotho lika-Obama, eliya kuba esinye sezizathu ezishiya ngo-2011. Iingqungquthela ziphinde zatshitshiswe ngokungagqithisi inani lokuvuselela i-Economic Stimulus Package.
I-NEC inxalenye yeHhovisi eliLawulayo likaMongameli. Yadalwa ngowama-1993 ukuba ibe yindlu yokucoca i-advisory top for President on issues of economic. Inemisebenzi emine:
- Ukulungelelanisa ukwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho.
- Ukulungelelanisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kumongameli.
- Qinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo kunye neenkqubo zihambelana neenjongo zoqoqosho zomongameli.
- Ukubeka esweni ukuphunyezwa kwe-ajenda yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho.
Amalungu e-NEC avela kwiinkampani ezininzi kunye neenkundla zamagosa ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokulawula, iipolisi zalo zomgaqo zichaphazela uqoqosho lohlanga.
I-NEC inabasebenzi bayo beengcali zepolisi. UMlawuli olandelayo we-NEC nguGene Sperling, owayenguMlawuli phantsi koMongameli uClinton. U-Obama wathatha indawo esikhundleni sakhe ngo-2013 kunye no-OMB oyiSekela likaMlawuli uMlawuli uJeffrey Zients.
Kutheni Kwakusasaza Ingxabano?
U-Summit wayengumongameli weCandelo likaNondyebo ku-1999-2001.
Ngethuba lokuhlala kwakhe, amaSummers ayongamela ukutshitshiswa kwe- Glass-Steagall Act . Lo Mthetho wasungulwa ngexesha loKuCaluleka okukhulu ukukhusela iibhanki zorhwebo ekutyaleni imali kwiimali zentlawulo kwiimveliso eziyingozi . Kwakhona wakhuthaza ukurhoxiswa okuthe xaxa kokuthengiswa kweemveliso. Iingcali ezininzi zibeka kakubi ukutshitshiswa kwesi senzo kunye nokulungiswa kwetyala leebhanki zebhanki kunye nokunyuka kwemali .
Iingqungquthela zathi zixhasane no-Ken Lay no-Enron ngexesha leNkathazo yamandla eKalifornia, nangona emva kokuba ezinye zezoqoqosho ziye zaphakamisa uxhalaba malunga nokuphathwa kweemarike. (Umthombo: Usuku lwe-Daily Kos, Isatifiketi esilinganayo uJanet Yellen noLarry Summers, ngo-Agasti 7, 2013)
Izibalo azikho ngaphezu kwegama lokubiza. Uthe uGranam we-Reserve Bank yaseIndiya, uRarhuram Rajan , wayengumLudd ngo-2005. Kungenxa yokuba uRajan walumkisa ngokuchanekileyo ngeengozi zengxaki yezimali ka-2008 kwiSymposium yonyaka yeebhanki eziphambili.
Ngaba Ubungabamba Ubungqina Bokuhle?
Iingqungquthela zinezakhono ezininzi kwizoqoqosho zasekhaya, ngamava akhe kwiSebe lezeNondyebo , kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi, ngokusebenzisa i-World Bank. UNobhala weNondyebo u- Tim Geithner wayeyi-Summers protege kwiSebe lezeMali ngaphambi kokuba athathe uSihlalo we-New York Federal Reserve .
Izibalo azizange zenze isikhundla kwi-Federal Reserve ngokwayo. Ekubeni ejongene nemithetho yebhanki, kwakukho inkxalabo yokuba akayi kukulungelelwa kwiinkampani ayezisebenzisana nazo, njengeCitigroup. Enyanisweni, wayechasene ne-Volcker Rule eyona nto ebalulekileyo kuMthetho we-Dodd-Frank Bank Reform Act.
Iingqungquthela yayingumongameli we-27 weYunivesithi yaseHarvard ukusuka ngo-2001-2006. Wayegxekwa ngenxa yokubangela ukuba esinye sezizathu ezibalulekileyo ukuba abafazi ababengabonakaliyo kwizenzululwazi kunye nezobunjineli ezihlawulela kakuhle kukuba amadoda anelungelo lobume bemvelo. Ingqungquthela kule nkcazo ebonakalayo yesini yabangela ukuba ashiye iHarvard ngo-2006.
Ngalinye icala, ama-Summers avivinywe ekujonganeni neengxaki zemali ngelixa ephethe iiofisi zikarhulumente eziphambili. Okwesibini, uya kukhuthaza ukukhulisa uqoqosho ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi malunga nokulwa kwemali.
Okwesithathu, wayejongene nempumelelo yeSotimulus Package, eyagqiba ukunyuka kwemali ngoJulayi 2009.
Umsebenzi wokuQala
I-Summers ibe nguprofesa wezomnotho kwi-Harvard ne-MIT. Ngowe-1988, wakhonza njengomcebisi wezomnotho kwiphulo likaMongameli waseDukakis. Ukususela ngo-1982-1983, i-Summers yayiseBhunga labacebisi bezeNtlalo phantsi koMongameli uRagan . Umntakwabo we-Nobel-winning prize-winning economist uPaul Samuelson, uSummers ufumene i-bachelor degree ye-sayensi evela kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology ngo-1975. Wafumana i-PhD yakhe kwezoqoqosho kwi-Harvard ngo-1982.
Ngowe-1983, waba lilungu eliqeshwe kwi-faculty yase-Harvard yeYunivesithi-enye yomncinci kwimbali yakutshanje. Abangqungquthela baba yintsimi yesayensi yokuqala yokufumana i-Alan T. I-Waterman Award yeNational Science Foundation (NSF) ngo-1987. Ngo-1993, wamkelwa uJohn Bates Clark Medal, wanikwa iminyaka emibili kwi-economist engaphantsi kwe-40. WayeyiNtloko yezoQoqosho kwiBhanki yehlabathi ukususela ngo-1991-1999.