I-Bank Reserve Ratios kunye Nento Ethethayo
Isilinganiselo sokugcina ibhanki sisoloko sisetyenziselwa njengethuluzi lomgaqo-mali, kuba imimiselo ishintshe imali efumanekayo ukuba iibhanki kufuneka zenze iimboleko.
Iimfuneko zokugcina iimpahla ziye zenzelwe ukukhusela inkqubo yebhanki ngokuphuma ngokukhawuleza kwixabiso elingabangela ukuba kubekho iintlungu zemali . Nangona amazwe athile, njenge-UK ne- Australia , ayinayo imfuneko yokugcina indawo, abanye- njengeBrazil- bafumana iimfuno zokugcina iimfuno ze-20, ngelixa iLebhanon ineemfuno zokugcina iimfuno zebhanki kwi-30.
Abatyalomali kufuneka baqaphele ukungafani kwimiqathango yokugcinwa kwebhanki kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kweebhanki zabo eziphambili ukuzilungisa.
Iimpembelelo kwiNkqubo yeMali
Amazwe amaninzi aseNtshona aphephe ukuguqulwa kweemfuno zokugcinwa kwempahla, kuba oko kunokubangela ukuba ingxaki yenkcitho ngokukhawuleza okanye iibhanki zibe neendawo ezincinci zokugcina. La mazwe kunoko basebenzise imisebenzi evulekileyo-ntengiso, njengento yokunciphisa inani , ukuphumeza umgaqo-mali wabo. Umlinganiselo wokugcina kwi-US usetyenziswe kuma-10 ekhulwini kwiipastimenti zentengiselwano kunye neepesenti zero ngexesha elidityayo iminyaka emininzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo yokugcinwa kwemali kwinkqubo yemali kuqhelekileyo kwiimarike ezikhulayo . Ngokomzekelo, i-China isebenzise iimfuneko zokugcina iimfuno njengendlela yokulwa nokunyuka kwemali, ekubeni ukuphakamisa kwabo kunciphisa ukubonelelwa kwemali ekhoyo. Enyanisweni, iChina yayisetyenzisile isicwangciso ngokubanzi kulo lonke uqoqosho lokuhla kwezoqoqosho ngo-2007 kunye no-2010 ukukhuthaza nokunciphisa ukuboleka.
Makhe sijonge umzekelo wendlela ibhanki yokugcina isabelo echaphazela ngayo umgaqo-mali:
Ibhanki enezigidi ezigidi ezili-10 kwiifomethi kufuneka zibambe i-$ 1 yezigidi kwiindawo zokugcina, ukuba umlinganiselo wokugcina ibhanki i-10 ekhulwini, oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela i-$ 9 yezigidi ezikhoyo ukuba zihlawulwe ngendlela yeebhanki zebhanki. Ukunciphisa umlinganiselo wendawo yokugcina ibhanki kuye kwandisa inani lemali ekhoyo ukuba libolekwe kwinkqubo yebhanki, kwaye ngokulandelanayo xa ukwanda kwinqanaba lokugcinwa kwebhanki.
Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokugcinwa kwemali njengethuluzi lomgaqo-mali lijongene noko, kodwa akukho nto inokungabaza ngayo ukuba ubuncinane kwimpumelelo kwiimarike kwithuba elifutshane ukuya kwixesha eliphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo yokugcinwa kwemali kuye kwaba yinto engabalulekanga kwi-US nakwezinye iimarike eziphuhlisiweyo , njengoko abalawuli baye bawashiya ngenxa yezinto zokunqabisa ezithintekayo kunye nezinye izinto ezingekho ngqo. Ezi ndlela zenziwa ngokubanzi ngethuba lonyaka we-2008-2009 weengxaki zemali e-United States naseYurophu.
Iimiphumo kwiiShishini kunye neBond
Umphumo wokuguquka komlinganiselo kwizinto zokusebenza kunye nezibophelelo ngokukodwa zibangelwa ngenguqu echanekileyo yenguqu kwimigangatho yemigangatho . Ixabiso lentlawulo ephezulu liye lenzelwa ukulimaza abanini-mboleko kuba iirhafu zenzalo zihambelaniswe kunye namaxabiso emboleko.
Imarike yemasheya iphinda iphendule kakubi kumanani amanqanaba aphezulu njengoko kuba kubi kakhulu ukuba iinkampani zifumane inkxaso-mali.
Ngenxa yoko, ukuphakamisa iimfuno zokugcina izibonelelo ngokugqithiseleyo kubangele iisitoksi kunye nezibophelelo kunye neemfuno zokunciphisa ukugcinwa kwemigangatho ngokubanzi zikunceda iifowuni kunye nezibophelelo. Iimfuno eziphezulu zokugcinwa kweemfuno ziza kufike ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngelixa iimfuno ezincinci zigcinwa ngexesha lexesha elichasayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iisitokethi sele zihlala ziphezulu kunexabiso lembali.
Amacandelo athile emakethe yemasheya angasengozini kakhulu kwiinguqu kwizinga lokugcina. Okubaluleke kakhulu, amaziko ezezimali ahlala ehlupheka xa i-stock reserve ratio ikhutshulwa kuba ingenza iimali-mboleko ezimbalwa kwaye ivelise inzala engaphantsi. Ukuchasene kuyinyaniso xa umlinganiselo wokugcina uhla kwaye ikhulu-mali likhululekile ukulungiselela imali kunye nemisebenzi eyenza inzala.
Amanye amazwe ahlawula umdla kumanqanaba ezibonelelo zebhanki kumaziko emali, enokubonakalisa luncedo ngokuxhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yemigangatho. I-United States Federal Reserve ihlawula umyinge we-0.5% kwizinga leenqwelo zebhanki, ngo-2015, ehlawula ibhanki yemali elahlekileyo inzala.
Iingqalelo zotyalo-mali
Abatyalomali bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka bagcine inguqu yokuguquka kwengqondo xa betyala imali kumazwe asebenzisa ama-reserve ratios njengethuluzi lomgaqo-mali, njengeChina . Amaxesha amaninzi, abatyali-mali banokuqikelela ukutshintshwa kweendawo zokugcina iibhanki ngokujonga kwiindlela eziphambili ze-macroeconomic kwi-inflation. Izwe elinomlinganiselo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso angakhuseleka ekunyuseni kwimiqathango yokulondolozwa kwexesha ngelixa ilizwe elinokuchasana linokuthi linciphise kwiimfuno zokulinganisela.
Abatyalomali banokumelana nalo mngcipheko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iipotfoliyo zabo ziyahlukahluka kwiindawo ezininzi nakwiindawo ezihlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela, utshintsho olubi kumlinganiselo wokugcina kwelinye ilizwe aluyi kuba nefuthe elimangalisayo kwiipotifoliyo. Abatyalomali banokucinga ngokutshintshela ukungena kwabo kumacandelo athatyathwa kakhulu ngamanqanaba okugcina kunye kunye namacandelo anokuthi axhomekeke kakhulu - njengecandelo lezezimali kunye neebhanki zorhwebo.