NgoMvulo oMnyama 1987
UMsombuluko omnyama usetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukubhekisela kwipesenti enkulu yosuku olulodwa kwi-market market. Kwenzeke ngo-Oktobha 19, 1987, xa i- Dow Jones Industrial Average ihlawule i-22.61 yeepesenti, iwela ngamanqaku angama-508 ukuya kuma-1738.74.
I-S & P 500 yawa ngamaphesenti angama-20.4, ilahle amanqaku angama-57.64 ukuya kwi-225.06. Kuthatha iminyaka emibini ukuba iDow iphinde iphinde ilahlekelwe yilahleko.
Imarike yemasheya yayiye kwimarike yenkomo iminyaka emihlanu. Kwaphakama ama-43 ekhulwini ngowe-1987 wedwa, ufikelele kwi-2,746.65 ngomhla we-Agasti 25, 1987. Waqhubeka nokuhlala kwindawo encinci yezorhwebo kuze kube ngu-Oktobha 2. Kwaye kwaqala ukuwa ngokuphawulekayo. Ilahlekelwe ipesenti ezili-15 kwiiveki ezimbini ezikhokelela kuMsombuluko omnyama.
Yintoni eyabangela ukuphazamiseka? Uphando lweKhomishini yoTyhuseleko kunye noTshintsho luye lwagqiba ukuba ngaba ngabahwebi beentengiso ngenxa yempembelelo yomthetho olwaphulo-mthetho wokuthatha imali owawuhamba kwiKomiti yeNdlela kunye neNdlela. Umthethosivivinywa waqala ukuqala ngoLwesibili, ngo-Oktobha 13, kwaye wadluliselwa ngo-Oktobha 15. Ngezo zintathu iintsuku, amanani esitokisi awela ngaphezu kweepesenti ezili-10, i-drop-day drop-day day in 50. Ukongezelela, izitokisi ezawa phantsi kakhulu ziinkampani eziya kuphazamiseka kakhulu kumthetho.
Yintoni eyayiyilwayo? Ukuphelisa ukuncitshiswa kweerhafu kwimali-mboleko esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imali yokuthatha imali. Ngama-1980 kwakukho ixesha likaMichael Milken no-Ivan Boesky, bobabini abavuma ukungena kumashishini angekho mthethweni kwiintlanganiso ezizayo kunye nokufumana. Lo mthetho-mali, phakathi kwabanye, wawuyinkundla yeCongress yokulawula iimarike.
NgoMvulo ngoMnyama kwakusempendulo yeWall Street . Okumangalisa kukuba, ukunikezelwa kweerhafu kuqhotyoshelwe kumthetho-mali phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.
Kwakukho nezinye igalelo, ngokunjalo. Iinkqubo zokurhweba iifowuni zekhompyutha zenze i-sell-off is worse. Baye bafaka amanqaku abizwa ngokuzenzekelayo ekuthengiseni iilawulithi xa kuthengiswa imarike ngamaphesenti athile. Abathengisi kwiNew York Stock Exchange baxakeke xa zonke iinkqubo zenziwa ngokukhawuleza. Akwazanga ukufumana abathengi abaneleyo kwiisitokisi ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, ukutshintshisana kwempahla yesitye kwancipha ukurhweba.
Enye into ebenegalelo yayiyimvakalisi ngo-Oktobha 16 nguNobhala wezeNondyebo uJames Baker. Uthe iUnited States inokuvumela ukuba ixabiso le dollar liwe. UB Baker wayefuna ukwenza amaxabiso e-US amanani athengwa ngabathengi basemzini, abaninzi babo baqala ukuthengisa. U-Baker wacinga ukuba i-dollar ephantsi iyakunceda ukunciphisa ukunyuka okukrakra kwintengiso ye-US .
Abaninzi babesaba ukuba ukuphazamiseka kubangelwa ukunyuka kwemali. Kodwa i-Federal Reserve yaqala ukupompa imali kwiibhanki. Ngenxa yoko, imarike izinzile. Ekupheleni kukaOktobha, i-Dow yayisisishumi esiphezulu se-15. Yichitha lonke ixesha lonyaka kwinqanaba elincinci lokuhweba, phakathi kwe-1,776 no-2,014. Kwakuyimphambili kwiNkqubela ye-Savings and Loan ye - 1989 kunye ne- 1990-1991 .
(Umthombo: "I-Market Market Crash ngo-1987 no-1929," i-CNBC, ngo-Oktobha 17, 2007. "Ukuchonga iDow," i-CNBC, ngo-Oktobha 17, 2007.)
NgoMvulo ngoMnyama 1929
UMsombuluko omnyama ubhekisela ngo-Oktobha 28, 1929. WayeMsombuluko wokuqala emva koLwesine omnyama , owawususa i- stock market ye-1929 . NgoMsombuluko omnyama, izitokisi zawa ngama-13 ekhulwini. Elandelwayo i-11 ekhulwini yeepesenti yabhekana neentsuku ezimbalwa kwangaphambili ngoLwesine omnyama. Ngomso wangoLwesibili omnyama xa i-market market yalahlekelwa yimali esele yenziwe kulo nyaka wonke.
Ukuthengiswa kwakungekho okwaneleyo ukuqala ukuCaluleka okukhulu kowe-1929 . Kodwa libeka isigaba ngokuphazamisa ukuzithemba kwishishini lokutyalomali. Njengoko abantu baqonda ukuba iibhanki zazisetyenziselwa ukutshala imali kwiWall Street, zaphuthuma ukuba zikhuphe iimali zabo. Amabhanki avaliwe ngeveki, kwaye ke yanikela kuphela iicenti ezili-10 kwidola.
Abantu abaninzi abangakaze batyale imali kwimarike yemasheya baphinde balahlekelwa ubomi babo. Amabhanki ngaphandle kweediphozithi ahlawulwa. Amashishini awakwazi ukufumana iimboleko, kwaye abantu abazange bakwazi ukuthenga izindlu.
Abatyalo-mali be-Wall Street babuyela kwigolide, beqhuba ixabiso legolide. Ekubeni idola liboshwe kwinqanaba legolide , abantu bajika kwiidola zegolide, bachitha ama-reserve. Ekuphenduleni, i-Federal Reserve yaphakamisa amaxabiso enzala ekukhuseleni ixabiso leedola. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ochasene nomgaqo-mali uguqule ukuhlawulela okubi kwi-Depression Great.
NgoMsombuluko omnyama 2015
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 24, 2015, i-Dow yawa ngamanqaku angama-1,089 , ukuya ku-15,370.33, ngokukhawuleza xa ivenkile ivuliwe. Kwakuyi-16 yeepesenti ezisezantsi ukusuka ngoMeyi 19 ukuphakama kwexesha elide eli-18,312.39. Yakhawuleza yabuya, yavala kuphela amanqaku angama-533 apha ngezantsi. Amaconsi ama-10 awenza ukulungiswa kwemakethi , kungekhona ukuphazamiseka. Ilandele i-531 iphuzu lokuphonsa uLwesihlanu owedlule. Bobabini babangelwa zizixhala malunga nokukhula kancinci kwezoqoqosho eChina, kunye nokungaqiniseki ngaphezu kwexabiso le Yuan.
Ukuthengiswa kweeholide ngoMvulo
UMsombuluko omnyama ubhekisela kwingeniso eyenziwe ngexesha lokuthenga iholide. Kubabhali-zimali, abamnyama bathetha ukuthengiswa kweentengiso ezinenzuzo. Umhla uyaziwa nangokuthi ngoMsombuluko we-Cyber kuba ngowusuku olude lwe-intanethi. Yilandela ukuthengwa kwezitena kunye nomdaka owenziweyo ngoLwesihlanu onguNtsundu , usuku lokuqala lokuthenga emva kokubonga i-Thanksgiving.