Ngaba Ixesha lokuBhokra?
Iintlobo
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeemali zempesheni. Iyokuqala yiNgxowa- mali ye Defined Benefit . Unyanzelekile ukuhlawula imali engenayo kwi-beneficiary, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-fund yenza njani.
Umqeshwa uhlawula imali echanekileyo kwingxowa-mali. Umphathi wezezimali kufuneka athole ngokwaneleyo ukubuyiselwa kotyalo-mali ukuhlawula iintlawulo. Iqumrhu kufuneka lihlawule nayiphi na ilahleko.
Iinkampani zicinga ukuba imali iya kubuya i-7-8 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Yona imbali yabo yesiganeko. Ukubuyiselwa okwenyani ku-6-7 kuphela. Oko kuthetha ukuba iinkampani azizincedisi ngokwaneleyo ukuhlawulwa kwexesha elizayo. (Umthombo: "Abaninzi Abavuyileyo," I-Economist , ngoSeptemba 12, 2015.)
Isibonelelo sePenshini yePensidised Benefit yiyona nto abantu abaninzi bacinga ngayo xa bethetha "ipenshini" kuba ufumana imali efanayo. Oku kufana ne-annuity enikezelwa yinkampani yinshuwalense. Kule meko, umqeshi usebenza njengenkampani yomshuwalense kwaye uyagcina yonke umngcipheko ukuba imarike iyancipha. Iinzuzo ziqinisekiswe nguRhulumente wezeMpilo nguNcedo lwePesenti yeNzuzo ye-Pension .
Uhlobo lwesibini luyiNgxowa-mali ye- Defined Contribution .
Izinzuzo zabaxhamli zixhomekeka kwindlela i-fund eyenzayo ngayo. Okuqhelekileyo kwezi zi-401 (k) s. Umqeshi akanakho ukuhlawula iintlawulo ezicacileyo ukuba i-fund iyahla ixabiso. Umngcipheko udluliselwa kumqeshwa. Ukutshintsha kwengozi yinto ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi koxanduva oluchaziweyo kunye nesicwangciso senkxaso esichaziweyo .
Imiba
Ngama-1980, iinkampani zafumanisa ukuba kunenzuzo kubo ukuba batshintshele kwizicwangciso zenkxaso ezichaziweyo. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzi abambalwa nabancinci bajongwa ngamapenshini. Izicwangciso zikaRhulumente, kubandakanywa noKhuselo loLuntu, zihlala nezicwangciso ezixhamliweyo. Kodwa ukuhlawula akukwanele ukufihla izinga elifanelekileyo lokuphila .
Iimali zepensheni zahlulwa yinkxalabo yemali ka - 2008 . Ukususela ngoko, abaninzi abaphathi baphakamisa ukugcinwa kweebhondi kwiingcipheko eziphantsi. Ngo-2014, ezininzi zeemali ezinkulu zenze ipesenti enkulu yenkcitho engenayo kunokuba yenziwe ngamasheya nakwezinye iimpahla ezikhuselekileyo. Ngaloo nyaka, iiplani ezingama-50 ezinkulu ezichaziweyo kwiS & P 500 zabanjwa i-$ 947.7 yezigidi kwiimpahla ezipheleleyo. Kuloo, iipesenti ezingama-41 zazikhombiseneyo kunye nama-37 kuphela eepesenti.
Eyona mininzi imfuno yimiqathango yexesha elide, kubandakanywa inqaku leNondyebo ye-10 . Kungenxa yokuba abaphathi bafuna ukuhlenga iibhondi xa ubuninzi bezithuba zabasebenzi behlala phantsi kwi-10, 20 kunye neminyaka engama-30. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zithengisa i-$ 604.9 zeebhilidi eziphezulu eziphezulu ezidlulileyo ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu, ziphindwe kabini umyinge wonyaka othengiswa ukususela ngo-1995. Iingxowa-mali zePensenti malunga nesiqingatha sazo zonke izibophelelo zonyaka zonyaka-40 kunye neminyaka engama-50.
Le mfuno iye yamisa utywala kwiibhondi ezidumileyo, ezenza kube nzima ukuthenga.
Enye yemikhosi egcina igangatho lemali elingaphantsi, nangona emva kokuba i- Federal Reserve iphelile ukuthotywa kwemilinganiselo . Kwakhona yenye yeemeko ezinhlanu ezinokubangela ukuba i- market bond bond .
Oomasipala abaninzi bajongene nemilinganiselo emininzi yeempesheni. Ngokomzekelo, iimali ezine zemali yomhlalaphantsi yaseChicago zifutshane malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-20 ezifunekayo ukuhlawula ikhefu labo elizayo. Ixesha elingaphezu kwamahlanu kwi-budget ye-Chicago yonyaka. Ngenxa yoko, u-Moody wanciphisa i-credit rating ye-credit to Baa2, ngaphandle kwe-junk status.
Ukwandisa iindleko zedolophu. Ngoku kufuneka inikeze inzala ephakamileyo kumabhondi ayo kamasipala ukuvuza abo batyalo-mali ngenxa yengozi eyongeziweyo. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga iNgcambu eyimfihlo kwiimali zeeMasipala .
Uluhlu lweeNkcazo eziPhambili eziphezulu kakhulu zePensheni
| Igama | Kuphi | Iimpahla | Ingenisa | Imiba |
| Fund Fund Trust Fund | US | $ 2.7 trillion | Obutyebi beeUkhethekileyo baseMelika | IiNgxowa-mali ezikhoyo ngoku. |
| Inkxaso yeNgxowa-mali ye-Pension kaRhulumente | Japhan | $ 1.26 trillion | Ama-55% aseJapan amabhondi | 2.8% ukubuya. Uza kutshintshela i-$ 200 billion kwiimpahla. |
| Mali ye Pension Fund | Norowe | $ 849 yezigidigidi | Ukwahlukana | Isikhulu esikhulu sehlabathi sobutyebi . 5.2% ukubuya |
| ABP | elamaDatshi | $ 425 billion | Ukwahlukana | 3.9% ubuyela kwi-Q1 2014. |
| YeNkonzo yeSizwe yeNkonzo | S. Korea | $ 406 yezigidigidi | AseArea | Iimpahla zi-1/3 ze-GDP yelizwe. Kufuneka idibanise. |
| Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi kwiSithili | Washington DC | $ 326 billion | Ngaba i-70% yeefa kufuneka ixhaswe kwiimbopheleleko. | |
| CalPERS | California | $ 300 zeebhiliyoni | 50% kwiimpahla zehlabathi jikelele | 7.3% ukubuya. |
| Govt yendawo. Amagosa | Japhan | $ 201 billion | ||
| KwiNgxowa-mali yoMbonelelo | Singapho | $ 188 yezigidigidi | Iibhondi zikaRhulumente | |
| Pension Canada | Khanada | $ 184 yezigidigidi |
(Umthombo: iBloomberg, iP & I Towers Watson)