Ndiyabulela ekuhlanganiseni kwayo ngo-2008 kunye ne-OMX ABO, umqhubi we-Stockholm-based exchange of areas located in the Nordic and Baltic.
Inkampani entsha, i-NASDAQ i-OMX Group, ibonisa iintengiso zeenkampani ezingaphezulu kwama-3,800. Ikwabonelela ngokurhweba kwii- derivatives , ityala, iimveliso , iimveliso eziqulunqwe kunye ne-ETFs.
Inkampani ye-NASDAQ inikezela ngeenkonzo ezingaphezulu kwezingu-70 ezinye iintengiso kwiimveliso ezingaphezu kwama-50. Ngokomzekelo, inikeza ubuchwepheshe bezentengiselwano, okunceda ekuthengiseni impahla , ukucoca kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula. Ukuqonda i-NASDAQ kuya kukunceda uqonde indlela i-market market isebenza ngayo .
I- NASDAQ i-OMX Group inikezela iinkampani zikawonkewonke izixhobo zokuncedisa nobudlelwane bezotyalomali, ubuhlakani beemarike, ubudlelwane bebhodi kunye nokusabalala kweendaba. Inceda ekuphakanyiseni i- capital ngokusebenzisa iMithetho yase-US 144A. Lo mgaqo uvumela ukuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza kwendawo yokugcina indawo yangasese phakathi kwabathengi beziko elifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokubhaliswa koluntu.
I-NASDAQ yasungulwa ngowe-1971 kwaye yanikeza iingcaphuno zee-Over-the-Counter ezikhoyo ezingabhaliswa kwamanye iimarike.
Ngenxa yeso sizathu, yahlanganiswa nengqondo yabantu kunye neeteknoloji. Yayisungulwa ngumthengisi wezobambiso uBernie Madoff , owayengumongameli weBhodi ye- NASDAQ .
Uhluko phakathi kweDow, i-NASDAQ kunye ne-S & P 500
I-NASDAQ itshintshiselwano, njengeNew York Stock Exchange kunye neBATS esanda kudala.
Ngokungafani ne-NYSE, likwazisa kwakhona ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinkampani eziziluhlu. Zizo zonke izixhobo zentengiso yemasheya .
I- Dow , i- S & P 500 kunye ne- MSCI ziindiza ezilandelela ukusebenza kwee-stocks ezikhethiweyo. I-Dow ifutshane kwi-Dow Jones Industrial Average, okanye i-DJIA. Ilandela amanani entengo yeenkampani ezingama-30 ezikhethiweyo ngabahleli be-Wall Street Journal ukumela amashishini abo. Ziyakwazi ukuba zinkulu, iinkampani eziyaziwayo njengeGeneral Electric kunye neKraft Foods.
I-S & P 500 ilandelela izitokhwe ezingama-500 ezigcinwe kakhulu kwi-NYSE. I-S & P 500 ibanzi, inika ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kweenkampani ezivela kumacandelo athile kunye namaqela oshishino. Ekubeni kunamasheya angaphezulu kweemali kunokuba yi-NASDAQ okanye i-Dow, ayenzanga kunye nezinye ezimbini ukususela ngoxinzelelo lwemali ka - 2008 .
Ezi zintathu izikhokelo zokulandelwa kweempahla ze-US, ngoko ke zihamba kakuhle. Kodwa zinobunzima besitokisi. I-NASDAQ isebenzisa ixabiso lemarike elipheleleyo. Kuthatha nje intengo yesabelo kwaye uyayandisa ngokuphindaphinda inani lezabelo ezikhutshwe. Ngako oko, akunandaba nokuba inkampani ihlukanise isitokisi sayo okanye cha.
I-S & P 500 nayo isebenzisa i-capital capital, kodwa ibalwa kuphela izabelo ezifumanekayo esidlangalaleni.
Ngoko ke, inkampani enesitokiselwano esiningi esabanjwe ilungu lentsapho elisekwayo liya kuba nelininzi.
Izisindo zeDow zithenga ngamaxabiso aphezulu abelo kakhulu. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kukaDow kuya kutshintshwa yiinkampani ezingazange zahlule izabelo zazo, kwaye ke zigcinwe ngamanani amanani asezantsi.
I-MSCI ilandelela ama-stocks kwimimandla yehlabathi, imida kunye neendlela ezikhulayo . Kwakhona ilandelela nezinye iindawo eziphantsi komhlaba, njengeGulf Cooperation Council , kunye ne -cap-small cap , i -cap-cap and mid-cap stocks.
Ukuphahlazeka kweNASDAQ
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 22, 2013, i-NASDAQ ivalise yonke intengiso ukususela ngo-12: 14 ntambama EDT ukuya kwi-3: 25 pm EDT. Oku kuphazamiseka kwe-flash kubangelwa xa enye yamaseva e-NYSE inenkathazo yokuthetha nomncedisi kwi-NASDAQ. Umncedisi unikeze iinkcukacha malunga namanani esitokisi. Nangona kunemizamo emininzi, ingxaki ayinakuyicombulula, kwaye ukugxininiswa kusebenza kwi-NASDAQ kwehla.
Ezi ziphazamiso azifani ne- market market crash . Abanalo igunya lokubangela ukunyuka kwemali . Abazange bahlale ixesha elide ngokwenza ukuba ukulungiswa kwemarike . (Umthombo: "I-NASDAQ kwi-Market Market Failure," i-Wall Street Journal, ngo-Agasti 22, 2013. "I-NASDAQ yeeNyanga ezintathu zeeNqaku eziPhambili ziKhuselekileyo kwiMakethi," iBloomberg, ngo-Agasti 26, 2013.)
I-NASDAQ nayo yayinenkinga nge-Facebook yokuqala yomnikelo womphakathi, okwesibini i-IPO enkulu kwiimbali. Ngo-Meyi 18, 2012, ukuthengiswa kwe-stock's original stock stock wasalawuleka kwiminyaka engama-30 yokuqala. Abahwebi abakwazi ukubeka, ukutshintsha okanye ukurhoxisa imiyalelo. Emva kokuba ukulungiswa kwe-glitch kulungiswe, iirekhodi ezine-460 zeemali zathengiswa, ukudala i-$ 500 yezigidi kwilahleko kubahwebi. I-NASDAQ iyavuma ukuba ibangelwe yimpembelelo yobugcisa. Oku kwakungesihlandlo sokuqala, ekubeni i-NASDAQ inomlando omdala weengxaki.
NASDAQ ibhola
Ngomhla ka-Matshi 10, 2000, i-NASDAQ yafikelela kwixesha elide eliphezulu lama-5,048.62. Oku kubangelwa bubble tech. Ukufudumala okungaqhelekanga kwagxotha amanani kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-tech okanye intengiso ye-intanethi ephakamileyo ngaphezu kokulinganiswa okufanelekileyo. Ngama-1999, iipesenti ezingama-65.9 ze-NASDAQ zazikhokhwa kwezobuchwepheshe, njengeCisco, i-Oracle ne-Qualcomm. Enye i-15.2 ekhulwini yayingumnxeba, kunye neleyo esele ibe ngumthengi (ama-5 ekhulwini), ukunakekelwa kwezempilo (6.2 ekhulwini), iimali (4 ekhulwini) kunye nabanye (3.7 ekhulwini).
Le bubble, ngokwayo, iqhutywa yiY2K. Yilapho ezininzi iinkampani kunye nabantu abaninzi bathenga iinkqubo ezintsha zeekhompyutha. Babesaba ukuba i-software yesidala ayinakukwazi ukuguquka ukusuka kumhla eyaqala ngo-19 "ukuya kumhla eyaqala nge" 20. " Kungenxa yokuba ezininzi iinkqubo zesoftware ziyabona kuphela iidijithi ezimbini zokugqibela zonyaka. Ngako oko, abavelisi beekhompyutheni kunye neprosoftware balumkisa wonke umntu ukuba ahlaziye iinkqubo zabo zekhomputha ukwenzela ukuba abayi kuphelelwa yintambo yokulala phakathi kwamabini kwiminyaka eyiwaka leminyaka. Oku kwabangela ukuba ukuthengiswa kuqhube, okwenze ukuba kubonakale ngathi nayiphi na inkampani ehambelanayo ne-tech yayiqinisekisile ukwenza inzuzo.
Njengoko kwavela, ezininzi iinkqubo zekhomputha zilungile. Ekubeni wonke umntu wayesandula ukuthenga iikhompyutheni, imfuno yayingaphantsi, kwaye imiyalelo yezinto ezinxulumene nezobuchwepheshe zancinci. Kwakhona iNASDAQ, eyayiwela kwi-1,114.11 xa ivalwe ngo-Oktobha 9, 2002.
Akukafiki kwakhona ngokupheleleyo kwi-2000 yayo ephakamileyo. Kwafika i-2,859.12 ngo-Oktobha 31, 2007, ngaphambi kokunciphisa ukuya ku-1,268.64 ngo-Matshi 9, 2009. Kwathatha ngo-Novemba 26, 2013 ukuvala ngaphezu kwe-4,000.
I-NASDAQ iye yaxhomekeka kakhulu kwiitoknoloji zeekhnoloji, ngoku zibandakanya kuphela i-44.8 pesenti yebonke. Impahla yabathengi, njengeBheth Bath & Beyond and Green Mountain, ngoku iyenze iipesenti ezingama-16.3 ze-NASDAQ, ngelixa unyango lwempilo luye lwaba ngama-13,9 ekhulwini. Kodwa iinkampani zeplastiki zobugcisa, ezifana ne-Apple, iMicrosoft kunye ne-Yahoo, ziyaqhubeka nokwenza ikhaya labo kwi-NASDAQ. (Umthombo: "Ukunyuka kwe-NASDAQ ii-4,000 kuMarko," i-Wall Street Journal, ngoNovemba 27, 2013.