Ngaba ukhuseleko lweNtlalo luyiPonzi Scheme?
UCharles Ponzi
UCharles Ponzi wancenga amawaka yabatyalomali ngawo-1920. Wathembisa ukuba ama-50 eepesenti abuyele kwiintsuku ezingama-90 kwiingeniso ezenziwa ngamaqela okuphendula ngamazwe ngamazwe. La makhuphoni ayengaphantsi kwexabiso kumazwe angaphandle. Bakwazi ukukhuselwa kwiitampu zangempela ezixabisekileyo kwilizwe lasekhaya. Iingeniso zibonakala zibonakala zikhokelela kubatyalo-mali, kodwa kuya kufuna izigidi zamakhuphoni ukwenza nayiphi na inzuzo nhlobo. Kunoko, uPonzi wasebenzisa imali awafumene ukuhlawula abatshali-mali abambalwa kwiintsuku ezingama-45. Oku kwenza ukuba sakhe isiphakamiso sikholwe. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, waqokelela i $ 20 yezigidi. Wayefumana i-$ 1 yezigidi ngeeyure ezintathu.
Isicwangciso sePonzi sagubha xa engakwazi ukuhlawula abatyala-mali. Ngelo xesha, wayelahlekelwe phakathi kweedola ezi-7 ukuya kwezigidi ezili-15 waza wabhubha amabhanki ayisithandathu. Urhulumente wammangalela ngenkohliso yeposi phantsi komthetho kunye nomthetho wezemfundo. Wafumana isigwebo sentyala iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kweyisithoba.
Wagqiba ibheyili waza waqalisa iqela lomhlaba we-charpon eFlorida apho wathengisa khona indawo ephantsi komhlaba. Amagunya aseTexas amthumba ambuyisela eBoston. Wakhishwa ngo-1934. (Umthombo: "UCharles Ponzi," iNNDB. "IPonzi Scheme," ISET. "I-Scandals yeMali Eyona Mkhulu," iBloomberg.)
U mzekelo
UBernie Madoff wasebenzise isicwangciso sePonzi eside kakhulu. Kwiminyaka engama-20, abatyali-mali bathululela i-17.5 billion yezigidi kwi-"firm firm". Wakhokhela ngaphezu kwemilinganiselo ebuyiswayo usebenzisa imali evela kubatyalomali abatsha. Inkxalabo yemali ka-2008 yabangela ubuqhetseba bakhe ekukhanyeni xa abatyali-mali bezama ukurhoxisa i-$ 7 billion. Ngamanani amaninzi kuphela ezigidi ezingama-300 zamaRandi, uMadoff akazange akwazi ukuzibuyisela. Wathetha ityala kwaye ngoku ukhonza isigwebo seminyaka eyi-150. Indodana yakhe, uMark Madoff, wazinikela emva kweminyaka emibili emva kokubanjwa kukayise. Wazibopha ekhaya lakhe laseNew York City. Unyana wakhe oneminyaka emi-2 ubudala wayelele egumbini elilandelayo. U-Andrew Madoff wabulawa ngumhlaza ngoSeptemba 2014.
Ngaphambi kokubanjwa kwakhe, uMadoff wayenomdla we-stellar ngesiseko seNASDAQ njengenye yezinto azenzileyo. Iindleko zobuqhetseba azizange zandise kwamanye amalungu omndeni waseMadoff. Umfazi wakhe noonyana ababini basebenzela amashishini afanelweyo kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Inkundla zamvumela uRud Madoff ukuba agcine i-$ 2.5 yezigidi. Ngoku uhlala kwisikwere seenyawo ezili-989 e-Connecticut. (Umthombo: "UBernard Madoff ugxeka iTrasti," i-USA namhlanje, ngoJanuwari 23, 2015.)
Abasemagunyeni baseTshayina bamemezela umzekelo osandul 'umva weprogram yePonzi ngoFebruwari 2016 apho abatyali-mali abayizigidi balahlekelwa yi-$ 7.6 billion ukuya ku-Ezubao.
Le nkampani yokubolekisa nge-intanethi ithembisa ukubuyiswa kweepesenti ezingama-15, ezange zenzeka. Kunoko, abanikazi abayi-21 basebenzise imali kubatyalomali ukuba baqhube inkampani yabo baze bathenge iimoto nezindlu. U-Ezubao usebenze ukususela ngoJulayi 2014 ukuya kuDisemba 2015. (Umthombo: "Iiprogram zePonzi eziphambili kwiMbali," i-MSN Money, ngoFebhuwari 8, 2016.)
Ngaba ukhuseleko lweNtlalo luyiPonzi Scheme?
Ukhuselo lweNtlalo lukhangeleka njengecebo lePonzi. Abasebenzi bahlawula kwiNgxowa-mali yeNtlalo yoKhuseleko . Naphezu kwegama, akukho ntembelo ephethe le mali. Kunoko, imali ihlawula inzuzo kubahlala phantsi. Xa abasebenzi abakhokheleyo bekulungele ukuthatha umhlalaphantsi, imali entsha iza kuvela kubasebenzi abatsha.
Abantu babiza ukhuseleko loluntu kwisiCwangciso sePonzi ngenxa yokuba abantu abafumana ekuqaleni bafumene okungaphezulu kunokuba bahlawulwe. I-baby boomers ihlawulwe irhafu yentela ngaphezu kweemali ezifunyenwe ngabazali bazo.
Oku akusiyo imeko yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi. Ngeke kubekho abasebenzi abaneleyo kwixesha elizayo ukuhlawula izibonelelo kubo xa bethatha umhlalaphantsi. Ngo-2030, ukhuseleko lwezeNtlalo luya kufuna ukukhangela kwi-fund jikelele ukuhlawula izibonelelo. Oku kuya kudala ulwabiwo-mali okanye imfuno yentlawulo entsha.
Oko kuthetha ukuba urhulumente uya kubangela ukuba isizukulwana esilandelayo sihlawule iintlawulo. Akunakukhetha. Nguwo umehluko phakathi koKhuselo loLuntu kunye neCandelo lePonzi.
Ukwahluke phakathi kwePonzi nePhiramidi Scheme
Izicwangciso zePonzi ziyi-investment fraudulent. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakholelwa ukuba babeka imali yabo ukusebenza kutyalo-mali lwangempela. Izicwangciso zePiramidi zibuqhetseba ngamashishini athengisa amanqanaba amaninzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba baqonda ukuba kufuneka bafumane amalungu amatsha ukwenza imali. Abo baphezulu kumgangatho wepiramidi benza imali kubasebenzi abatsha kumazinga aphantsi. Ngokudabukisayo, abo abaphantsi kwamaphiramidi angaphantsi baya kubakho abatsha abasebenzela ukufumana imali. Bafumanisa ukuba baye bachitha ixesha kunye nemali xa ipiramidi iwa. (Umthombo: "Iiprogram zePiramidi," ISEBE. "IPramramid vs Ponzi Scheme: Nguwuphi na obi kakhulu?" VOA, Aprili 25, 2016.)
Iinkampani ezininzi eziyaziwayo ze-MLM aziyizicwangciso zepiramidi. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-Amway, iMeleleuca, kunye ne-PrePaid Legal. Uninzi lwabathengi bawo awanalo abameli beenkampani. Lo ngumlinganiselo omkhulu phakathi kwe-MLM ishishini kunye neprogram yepiramidi. Amashishini asemthethweni e-MLM ngamathuba amahle kubantu abafuna ukufunda indlela yokuqhuba imisebenzi yabo. Nazi iimbuzo ezintandathu zokubuza umntu nabamema ukuba ujoyine i-MLM ishishini.