Ungumnikazi Oyena Mkhulu Kakhulu!
Amatyala aphakathi kwezigaba ezimbini
I- Nondyebo yase-US ilawula iitaliti ze-US ngeBhunga leTyala likaRhulumente.
Ityala liwela kumaqela amabini ahlukeneyo: ii-Holdings NGOs kunye namatyala alawulwa nguRhulumente .
KwiiNgxowa zikarhulumente. Le nxalenye yecala le-federal ehlawulwa ngamanye ama-arhente angama-230. Izalisa i $ 5.6 trillion, malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zetyala. Kutheni ukuba urhulumente ahlawulwe imali? Amanye ama-arhente, afana neNgxowa-mali yoThuseleko loLuntu, athathe inzuzo engaphezulu kwiirhafu kunokuba zifuna. Esikhundleni sokuba unamathele le mali phantsi komatshini omkhulu, loo arhente athenge i-US Treasurys nayo.
Ngokubanika i-Treasurys, badlulisela imali engaphezulu kwemali kwi-fund jikelele, apho isetyenziswe khona. Ewe, ngelinye ilanga baya kukhulula amanqaku abo kwiNondyebo ngemali. Urhulumente wephondo uza kufuneka ukunyusa irhafu okanye ukukhupha amatyala amaninzi ukunika i-arhente imali abaya kuyidinga.
Ziziphi i-arhente ezinezoNondyebo? Ukhuseleko lwezeNtlalontle, ngethuba elide. Nantsi ukuphazamiseka okucacileyo ngoDisemba 31, 2016.
- Ukhuseleko lwezeNtlalo (iNgxowa-mali yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neNgxowa-mali ye-Intshuwalense ye-Intshuwalense yase-Federal) - i-$ 2.801 trillion
- I-Ofisi yoLawulo lwaBasebenzi kwiRhafu - i-888 billion yezigidigidi
- IsiKhwama seRhafu yeMali - i-$ 670 yezigidigidi
- I-Medicare (i-Federal Hospital Insurance Fund, i-Federal Supplementary Medical Assurance Fund Fund) - i-$ 294 billion
- Zonke ezinye iimali zomhlala-phantsi - $ 304 billion
- Ikheshi ngesandla ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi karhulumente-federal-$ 580 billion.
Amatyala abanjwe nguRhulumente. Uluntu luphethe lonke ityala likazwelonke (i-$ 14.7 trillion). Oorhulumente bamanye amazwe kunye nabatyalomali babamba phantse isiqingatha sawo. Inye yesine ibanjwe ngamanye amashishini karhulumente. Ezi ziquka i- Federal Reserve , kunye noorhulumente karhulumente kunye noomasipala. Ipesenti ezilishumi elinesibhozo zibanjwe ngamashishini ahlukeneyo, iimali zempesheni yangasese kunye nabanikazi bentengo yokugcina imali kunye namanqaku eNondyebo. Iipesenti ezili-10 ezisele ziphantsi kwamashishini, njengeebhanki kunye nenkampani yomshuwalense. Kwakhona kubanjwe ukuxhaswa kwamatrasti, iinkampani kunye nabatyalomali.
Nantsi ukuphazamiseka kwabaphathi benkokheli kawonkewonke ngoDisemba 2016:
- Amazwe angaphandle - $ 6.004 trillion
- Federal Reserve - $ 2.465 trillion
- Iimali zentengiso - $ 1.671 trillion
- Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekhaya, kuquka nemali yabo yomhlalaphantsi -i-R55 billion yezigidigidi
- Imali yempesheni yangasese - i-$ 553 yezigidigidi
- Amabhanki - i-$ 663 yezigidigidi
- Iinkampani zomshuwalense - i-$ 347 yezigidigidi
- Izibophelelo zokulondolozwa kwe-US - i-$ 166 yezigidigidi
- Ezinye (ngabanye, amabhizinisi axhaswe nguRhulumente, abadayisi kunye nabathengisi, amathenda kunye neendawo, amabhizinisi kunye nabanye abatyali-mali-$ 1.662 trillion.
Eli matyala alikho kuphela kwiiNondyebo zeeNondyebo, amanqaku kunye nezibophelelo kodwa kunye ne- Treasury Inflation Protected Securities kunye neemfuno eziphathekayo zorhulumente kunye noluntu.
Njengoko ubona, ukuba ungeze ityala eligcinwe nguKhuseleko loLuntu kunye nazo zonke iimali zempesheni kunye nempensheni, malunga nesiqingatha seTyala leNondyebo le-US ligcinwe ngokuthembela ngomhlalaphantsi wakho. Ukuba iUnited States ayifanelekanga kwi-ityala layo , abatyala-mali basemzini babeya kuba nomsindo, kodwa abahlala kwixesha elizayo kunye nexesha elizayo baya kubakho buhlungu kakhulu.
Kutheni i-Federal Reserve enezoNondyebo
Njengebhanki enkulu yelizwe, i- Federal Reserve ilawulwa ngetyala lelizwe. Asinayo isizathu sezimali sokufumana amanqaku e-Nondyebo. Ngoko kutheni iphindwe kabini ukugcinwa kwayo phakathi kuka-2007 no-2014?
Yilapho ixakeke imisebenzi yayo yemarike evulekileyo ngokuthenga i-$ 2 trillion kwi-Treasury. Ukunciphisa okwenziweyo kukhuthaza uqoqosho ngokugcina izinga lentlawulo elingaphantsi. Yanceda iUnited States ukuba iphunyuke ekuthineni kwemali .
Ngaba iFed yenza imali ngetyala ?
Ewe, enye yempembelelo. I-Fed ithenge i-Treasurys kwiibhanki zayo zamalungu, usebenzisa i-credit eyenziwe ngomoya ococekileyo. Kwakunomphumo ofanayo wokushicilela imali . Ngokugcina ixabiso lentengo ephantsi, i-Fed yasize u rhu lumente ukuba aphephe isantya sezinga eliphezulu eliqhelekileyo liza kubakho ityala elingaphezulu.
I-Fed iphelile ukuthotywa kobanzi ngo-Oktobha 2014. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lentengo kwi-markmark ye- 10 yeminyaka yeNondyebo inqaku liphakanyisiwe ukusuka kuminyaka engama-200 engama- 1,442 ekhulwini ngoJuni 2012 ukuya kuma-2,17 ekhulwini ekupheleni kuka-2014.
Ngomhla ka-Septemba 29, 2017, iKomiti ye - Federal Open Market yathi i-Fed yayiza kuqala ukunciphisa ukugcinwa kwayo kwe-Nondyebo ngo-Oktobha. Ulindele ukuba amazinga omhlala-mali omdala aphakame ngenxa yoko. Ngaphezulu, funda i- Summary Statement Summary Summary .
Ubunikazi bamanye amazwe kwiiRhafu zaseMelika
NgoDisemba ngo-2017, i- China yayinayo i-$ 1.2 yezigidigidi ze-US . Ngulo umnini mkhulu wesinye isizwe se-US Treasury securities. Isibini isibini esikhulu kunazo zonke iJapan kwi $ 1.1 trillion. Bobabini baseJapan kunye neChina bafuna ukugcina ixabiso le dollar eliphezulu kunexabiso leemali zabo. Oku kunceda ukugcina amazwe angaphandle afikelelekayo kwiUnited States, enceda uqoqosho lwazo lukhule. Kungenxa yoko, nangona izityholo zaseChina zisoloko zithengisa ukubamba kwayo, zombini amazwe ayavuyiswa ngokuba ngamabhanki angaphandle aseMerika. I-China ithathe indawo esikhundleni se- United Kingdom njengowesibini umnini-mhlaba mkhulu ngoMeyi 31, 2007. Ngaloo nto yandisa ukubanjwa kwayo kwii-699 zamawaka ezigidigidi zamadola, ukukhupha i-$ 640 yezigidigidi ze-United Kingdom.
I-Ireland yesithathu, ibambe i $ 326 billion. Iziqithi zaseCayman ezine, kwi-270 billion yeebhiliyoni. I- Bureau yeeNdawo zokuHlaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe ikholelwa ukuba yimphambili yeengxowa-mali zobutyebi kunye ne- hedge funds abo abanikazi abafuni ukuveza izikhundla zabo. Ngoko iLuxembourg (i-$ 218 billion) kunye neBelgium ($ 119 billion).
Emva kweeIqithi zaseCayman, abaphathi abakhulu abalandelayo yiBrazil , i-UK, iSwitzerland, iHong Kong , iTaiwan, i-Saudi Arabia kunye ne- Indiya . Zibamba ngamnye phakathi kwe-$ 14 ne-$ 257 yezigidigidi.
Iinkcukacha zivela kwiingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikhutshwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngako oko, amanani apha kweli nqaku akanakongeza kwi-Ndoli yama-US eyi-$ 21 trillion.