Njengabantu ngabanye, amashishini angayifaka i-bankruptcy. Imithetho iyahluke ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yesakhiwo kunye nesahluko apho i-entity efakela kuyo.
Kule nqaku siya kuthintela kwiintlobo ezine eziqhelekileyo zebhanki kunye nokubonelela ngokubanzi indlela amabhizinisi aphathwa ngayo nganye.
Ukubeka i-bankruptcies ngokwembono, nanku ukuphazamiseka kwenani lee-bankruptcy cases ezibekwe "njengezoshishino" vs "ezingekho shishini" ezifakwe ngexesha lonyaka wekhalenda 2016.
| Uhlobo lweNkundla | Imiba yezo shishino | Iziganeko ezingezizo |
|---|---|---|
| Isahluko 7 | 15,033 | 475,846 |
| Isahluko 11 | 6,174 | 1,118 |
| Isahluko 12 | 461 | --- |
| Isahluko 13 | 2,259 | 294,396 |
| Iyonke | 24,114 | 770,856 |
Njengoko iinombolo zifaka ubungqina, kukho izihlandlo ezibini neziqingatha kwinani leshishini Isahluko 7 iifolda ezichanekileyo kwiifayile njengoko kukho iziganeko zeSahluko 11.
Ifom yoShishino lichaphazela ukukhethwa kweSahluko seBhanki
Uluhlu lwebhanki-mali luxhomekeke kwinqanaba le-fom. I-proprietorship yodwa yoshishino lomntu ogama lakhe egameni lakhe. Ngokomzekelo, uFred Toomey, d / b / a (ukwenza ibhizinisi njenge-Fred's Landscaping Service).
Ibhizinisi libhekwa njengesandiso somntu ngamnye. I-proprietorship yedwa yodwa ayikwazi ukufaka ifowuni ye-bankrupt ngaphandle kwendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intsebenziswano ithathwa njengequmrhu elihlukileyo kumaqabane (azinokuba ngamashishini, ngabanye okanye nakwezinye iintsebenziswano). I-corporation yinkampani enomnye okanye ngaphezulu kwamanye amaziko, abantu ngabanye okanye amanye amaqumrhu.
Inzala yobunini imelwe ngamasheya.
Isahluko 7
Isahluko 7 sabizwa ngokuba yi-bankruptcy okanye i-bankruptcy. Ngokuqinisekileyo, isahluko esiphezulu se-bankruptcy. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha ixesha elincinci ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, kwaye lithengisa ukutshutshisa. Isetyenziswe ngamashishini kunye nabantu ngabanye. Ubunikazi bodwa bungafaka iSahluko 7 kodwa kuphela phantsi kwegama lomnikazi walo, njengolu hlobo olukhankanywe nguFred Toomey, owenza ishishini njengoFred's Landscaping.
Intsebenziswano kunye neenkampani ziya kufaka iSahluko 7, kodwa ngesiphumo esahlukileyo. Intsebenziswano kunye neenkampani azifumani ukukhutshwa kwamatyala . Abayikuxoxisa nayiphina impahla eyokufumana "isiqalo esitsha." Enyanisweni, isahluko sesi-7 esenziwe ngubambiswano okanye iqumrhu lenkampani kulindeleke ukuba lihlawulelwe ngokupheleleyo. Icandelo lesi-7 likhonza njengesithuthi esilungeleyo sokucima impahla kunye nokuhlawula amaninzi amatyala njengokuba kunokwenzeka. Oku kwenziwa konke phantsi kokukhuselwa kwenkundla ye-bankruptcy kwaye kuthintela uhlanga kumgca-mboleko, othanda ababolekisi bamakhulu ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nezibonelelo. Ekugqibeleni kwimeko, i-entity efake i-bankruptcy ayiyi kuphinda ibekho, nangona i-asethi yayo, kunye negama layo, uluhlu lwabaxumi kunye nokuthabatha inokuthengiswa.
Phantse bonke abakwiSahluko 7 abanetyala bafuna ukukhutshwa kwamatyala abo. Ukukhulelwa kubenza bafumane "ukuqala ngokutsha" kwaye baqhube kunye nobomi babo. Ngabo banamatyala amaninzi, akukho "qalisa ukuqala ngenxa yokuba ishishini liyeka ukusebenza." Kungakhathaliseki ukuba imisebenzi yezoshishino yecandelo elilodwa lizakuphela kwiSahluko 7 kuxhomekeke kuhlobo loshishino. kwaye ukhona. Ngomntu onetyala owenza ishishini phantsi kwegama lakhe, njengomcebisi, umbhali okanye igqwetha, umboleki akayi kufunwa ukuba ayeke ukusebenzisa izipho kunye nezakhono ngokuzimela okanye ukwenza iseshishini lakhe, "uSusan Weiss , umbhali kunye nomhleli ".
Esinye isizathu kuba kubalulekile ukuchonga uhlobo lwezoshishino kwimeko ukususela kukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba umntu onetyala uya kufuneka ukuba athathe uvavanyo lwendlela.
Uvavanyo lweendlela lusetyenziswe ukuba lubonise ukuba iSahluko 7 sifanelekileyo kumntu onetyala okanye nokuba umntu unokukwazi ukuhlawula iintlawulo ngeSahluko 13 sokuhlawula . Ukuba ubuncinane ama-50 ekhulwini amatyala abolekiyo amatyala ahlobene nezoshishino, ukuhlolwa kweendlela akusebenzi.
Umphathiswa , otyunjwe yinkantolo yebhanki, uhlawuliswa ngumsebenzi wokuqokelela kunye nokugcina impahla kunye nokujongana nokucinywa kwezo zinto. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuvala inkampani ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kusenokuthetha ukuba umphathiswa uya kuthatha inkampani yenkampani kwaye uyigcine njengento ehamba phambili xa kuthetha ukuba umphathiswa angakwazi ukwandisa iimpahla ezifumanekayo ukwenelisa izibango zabathengi.
I-trustee iya kucela iibheno ezivela kubathengi kwaye ikhuphe intlawulo ngokwecandelo eliphambili elichazwe kwikhowudi ye-bankruptcy. Iklasi ngalinye lababolekisi kufuneka lihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba nayiphi na imali ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlawula iklasi ephantsi. Amabango olawulo - abo avela ekufakeni i-bankruptcy ngokwabo-bahlawulwa kuqala. Amabango olawulo angabandakanya ikhomishini yendawo yokuhlala ukuthengiswa kwepropati, iindleko zokulungiselela imoto ekuthengiswayo, okanye iirhafu zokuphendula, kunye neerhafu.
Amabango aqinisekileyo ayahlawulwa ngokuthengisa kwabo. Amabango amaninzi angakhuselekanga ahlawulwa ngokusesikweni. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na imali ekhoyo emva kokuba zonke iibango ezingakhuselekanga ezihlawulwayo zihlawulwa, kuphela ke umnini okanye abanini-mali abanokuhlawulwa.
Isahluko 13 Ukuchithwa
Ukusetyenziswa kweSahluko 13 kuncike kumashishini kuba kufunyanwa kuphela kubabucala beempahla Iinkampani kunye nentsebenziswano abakwazi ukufaka ifowuni yeSahluko 13, nangona amaqabane abo ngabanye angenza iifayile ezizimeleyo kubambiswano. Xa abantu befayile yesahluko 13, nayiphi intshitshisi yamashishini okanye inxaxheba yabanini-mboleki ayikho into engaphezulu kwexabiso lomboleki. Isahluko 13 asiyi kuchaphazela ngqo i-asethi.
Isahluko 13 sokuchithwa kwemali sivumela ukulungiswa kwakhona kwetyala. KwiSahluko 13, umboleki ucebisa isicwangciso senyanga sokubuyisela amatyala ngamathuba emithathu ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu. Isicwangciso seSahluko 13 singagcina iinyanga ezili-60.
Kucacile ukuba inokwenzeka isicwangciso seSahluko seSahluko 13 kuxhomekeke kwingeniso yoshishino. Isahluko 13 somphathiswa siza kuhlola ingxelo yomvuzo wezoshishino ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso ingamxhasa umboleki kunye neentlawulo ezifunekayo zeSahluko 13. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nendlela iSahluko 13 sisebenza ngayo, khangela la manqaku:
Ngexesha lokuqwalasela ukuFowulwa phantsi kweSahluko 13 endaweni yeSahluko 7
Isahluko 12
Isahluko 12 yindlela entsha yebhanki. Kwamiselwa ngo-1986 ukulwa nemimiselo yezoqoqosho eyayimisa ukulima okuncinci nokuloba.
Isahluko 12 sigcinwe kwizinto ezidla ngokuba ngumlimi okanye umlobi wentsapho, nangona le nto yinto engafanelekiyo ngenxa yokuba iSahluko 12 sinokufakwa kwiinkampani okanye intsebenziswano. Kukho amatyala kunye nemithintelo yembuyekezo, kodwa iSahluko 12 sitholakale kumaziko aneengeniso zonyaka, nangona ukuba ingeniso yonyaka. Ngaphandle koko, iSahluko 12 sisebenza kangangoko kwimeko yeSahluko 13 inkululeko enkulu ekulungiseni isicwangciso sokubuyiselwa kwimeko yexesha loshishino.
Ukuze ufanele iSahluko 12, umboleki wezolimo kufuneka akhokhe ubuncinane ama-50 ekhulwini lalo matyala kwimisebenzi yokulima. Umboleki odoba uya kubhatala ubuncinane ubuncinane kuma-80 ekhulwini lalo matyala kwimisebenzi yokuloba. ufumane ubuncinane ama-50 ekhulwini kwingeniso yayo kwimisebenzi yokulima. Ukuba umboleki ungumdobi, ubuncinane ubuncinane i-80 ekhulwini yengeniso ivela ekulobeni. Kuba bobabini abalimi kunye nabalobi, kufuneka bafumane ubuncinane ama-50 ekhulwini yabo kwingeniso yokufama okanye ishishini lokuloba.
Isahluko 11 Ukuchithwa
Isahluko 11 sisoloko abantu becinga xa beva igama elithi "ishishini lokutshatyalaliswa". Nangona iSahluko 11 sisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kummandla wezoshishino, akukhawulelwanga ukusetyenziswa ngamashishini. Abanye abantu bafake iSahluko 11 sokuhlaziya kwakhona ityala ngenxa yokuba kudlula umda weetyala ezibekwe kwiSahluko 13 okanye abafuni ukukhawulwa yiSahluko 13 isakhiwo sokuhlawula. Ukwenza izinto zibe lula, ikhowudi ye-bankruptcy ineemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokucwangcisa inkqubo yamashishini amancinci. Ngayiphi indlela, iSahluko 11 sinamandla kakhulu kubasebenzi abanetyala kunye nabaqeqeshi bayo (amagqwetha, i-accountants, njl.) Kwaye ngoko ke kuyabiza kakhulu ukuhamba ngokuphumelelayo.
Kwimeko yeSahluko 11, umboleki ulungisa kwakhona amatyala akhe phantsi kweso elilindile lenkundla yokuxakisha, kodwa umboleki unembopheleleko yemisebenzi yayo yemihla ngemihla. Umboleki ubizwa ngokuba ngumntu onetyala-kwi-propati (yepropati yayo) kwaye ukhonza njengomphathiswa wakhe.
Umboleki-on-possession uqhubeka kwishishini ngelixa isebenza ngeenkcukacha zokulungiswa kwetyala. Oku kungatshintsha, nangona kunjalo. Ukuba kuqinisekisiwe, umboleki-mboleko okanye iTrasti yase-US unokucela ukuba i-trustee iqeshwe. Umboleki unokusebenzisa iSahluko 11 njengesithuthi sokucinywa phantsi kwamandla akhe okanye ngoncedo lomphathiswa.
Umntu onetyala kuthiwa "unelungelo" ngenxa yokuba uqhubeka nokusebenza kwansuku zonke phantsi kolawulo lwenkundla, kodwa akufunwa ukuba afumane imvume yeenkundla zonke iinkcukacha zale mi sebenzi. Umboleki ufunwa ukuba afumane imvume yenkundla yokuphuma kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo njengokuthengwa okanye ukuthengiswa kwepropathi yangempela kunye nezinye iimpahla, ukuba oko akusiyo ishishini eliqhelekileyo lomntu onetyala, ukuchithwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nezenzo ezinkulu zabasebenzi, nokungena kwizivumelwano zemali.
I- Trustee yase-US ingengalo yeSebe lezoBulungisa elibonelela ngongamela kwimisebenzi ethile yebhanki. Lelo ofisi lijongene nokusebenza kweSahluko 7, iSahluko 13 kunye neSahluko se-12. Ikwabonelela ngongamela olufanayo kwiSahluko 11. Enyanisweni, ityala intlawulo yenyanga nganye kumntu onetyala ngenjongo yokubukelwa nguTrasti wase-US.
Ukongezelela, kwiimeko ezininzi zeSahluko 11, inkundla iya kubumba iikomiti zababolekisi abanomdla-mboleko abanomdla kwi-list of 20 aphezulu ababoleki. Ikomiti ityala inomsebenzi wokujongana necala kwaye ibonise imfuno yabo bonke ababolekiweyo abangabakhuseli. Oku kwenziwa kwindleko yomboleki ukuba nayiphi iindleko ezenziwa ngababolekisi bokukhonza kwikomiti kunye nabaqeqeshi babo abavunyiweyo njengabagqwetha, abahloli, bajongwa ngumboleki njengendleko yokulawula.
Injongo yecala leSahluko 11 ukuphakamisa nokukhusela imvume yokucwangcisa kwakhona isicwangciso. Esi sicwangciso sinokuthi sitshintshe rhoqo nawuphi na umqathango umboleki kunye nabathengi abaqhutyelwe ngaphantsi kweSahluko 11. Ababolekisi bahlukaniswe kwiiklasi. Iklasi nganye iya kufana nayo. Ngokomzekelo, bonke abathengisi abangakhuselekanga bangafakwa kwiklasi efanayo. Bondholders bangaba kwiklasi. Bonke ababolekisi bezithuthi babekho kwiklasi enye. Abanye ababolekisi bangenakho ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba baya kuqinisekisa iklasi ehlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, umboleki wendleko mboleko kwisityalo sokwenza umboleki, okanye umboleki-mboleko obonelela nge-akhawunti yomboleki efunyenweyo.
Ukuvunyelwa kokugqibela kwiNkundla
Ukuba isicwangciso sokugqithisa inkundla ye-bankruptcy, isicwangciso sokuqala sifakwe kubathengi, abavunyelwe ukuvota malunga nokuba bayayamkela okanye bengayamkeli. Okungenani elinye iqela elingafanelekanga livotelwe ukuba livume icebo. Iklasi elingafanelekiyo lilungelo lokutshatyalaliswa kwamalungelo omthengi (ukuhla kwezinga lentengo, ixesha elide, ukuhlawulwa kwentlawulo, njl.) Kukho imigaqo ethile yokuba bangaphi abathengi banokuvota ukuba bamkele, kwaye ivoti yomthengi ixabiswa ngenye indlela ngesixa semali esimele. Ukuze iklasi ivote ngokucwangcisa isicwangciso, ubuncinane isiqingatha kwinani kunye nesibini kwisithathu kwisixa sematyala kufuneka siyivume.
Emva kokuba abavolekisi bevotelwe, inkundla ye-bankruptcy inokugqibela ekuthethwa kwesi sicwangciso.
Xa isicwangciso siqinisekiswa yinkantolo, umboleki uya kubeka malunga nokuzalisekisa imigaqo yesicwangciso. Umntu onetyala uya kuhlala ephantsi kweliso elilindile lenkundla ubuncinci de kube isicwangciso siphelile, nangona kusekho iminyaka esele ihlale ihlawulwe zonke iintlawulo zematyala.