Qinisekisa ukuba Ingxaki Yomhlala-phantsi ayisenzeki kuwe

by Kimberly Amadeo

Kutheni i-Boomers ingayi kuKhupheka

Ngo-2013, iminyaka yobudala yomhlalaphantsi yayingaphantsi kweminyaka engama-65, ngeli xesha ubude bomyinge obuncinane bungaphezulu kwama-85. Oko kuthetha ukuba abantu kufuneka banelise ngokwaneleyo ukugcina iminyaka engama-20. Ngelishwa, ngaphantsi kwesigamu asinakho okwaneleyo ukugcina imilinganiselo yokuphila , ngokubhekiselele kwingxelo yakutshanje ye-Boston College Centre yoPhando lwezeMhlalaphansi.

Esinye isizathu kukuba i-17% kuphela yeenkampani zinikeza izicwangciso zempesheni , xa kuthelekiswa no-62% ngo-1983. Kunoko, ininzi (71%) inika 401 (k) izicwangciso. Okubangela abasebenzi ukuba bafumane isethi esitsha sezakhono. Kumele babe ngabacebisi babo bezemali, abaqobi bempahla, kunye nabaxhasi bezoqoqosho.

Inkxalabo yemali ka-2008 yenze izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, kuba phantse wonke umntu ubona umthamo wexabiso lomhlaba kunye nexabiso lempahla kunye nezindlu. Xa i-Fed iyanciphisa amaxabiso omdla, oko kwakuthetha ukuba abasindisi bafumane ukubuyela okuncinci kangako kwimali engeniso engeniso . Ngelo xesha, abaninzi babesaba ukubuyela emasitokisini. (Umthombo: "Inkcazo yoMhlala-phantsi," i- Boston College Magazine , Spring 2015)

Nazi ezinye zezizathu zenkathazo yomhlalaphantsi, ezinye iziphumo, kunye nento ongayenza ngayo ukuze ungabi nenye yale manani.

01 1/3 yabaseMerika banayo i-$ 1,000 (okanye ngaphantsi!) Yagcinwa kwiRhafu

Ngaba unesicwangciso somhlala phantsi? Ukuba akunjalo, awuyedwa. Ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha (56%) yabasebenzi bonke abazi ukuba baya kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukugcina umhlalaphantsi. Mhlawumbi yeso sizathu sokuba ama-36% wabasebenzi kunye nabathathe umhlala-phantsi bafumane i-$ 1,000 okanye ngaphantsi kwi-savings.

Ngethamsanqa, unokuphephelela iimeko ezininzi zaseMerika. Okokuqala, ngaba uyazi ukuba uncedo olunjani olufunekayo lokuthatha umhlalaphantsi? Cwangcisa u-10x wakho umvuzo wonyaka wonyaka wokusebenza. Okwesibini, ungathathi imali ngaphandle kwesicwangciso sakho, nangokwehla. Okwesithathu, negalelo elingaphezulu kwe-3% ubuncinci ... kwaye ulondoloze ngaphandle kwesicwangciso kunye. Okwesine, sebenzisa iRoth IRA endaweni ye-IRA rhoqo.

Ngaphambi kokuba ungagcina umhlalaphantsi, kufuneka uphume entolongweni yeetyala zekhadi lesikweletu. Kuzwakala kulula - ungathengi izinto ngaphandle kokuba uyabalufuna ngokwenene, musa ukubuyisela izinto ngaphambi kokuba zidinga, uye kwiikholeji zasekuhlaleni endaweni yexabiso eliphezulu. Kodwa, izigidi ezingama-35 zaseMerika zihlawula ubuncinci benyanga nganye kwi-bill, oku kuthetha ukuba bahlawula umlinganiselo wabo omkhulu.

Musa ukuwela ingxabano yokuba amaMerika kufuneka aphume kwaye asebenzise ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho. Ngaphambi kwe- 9/11 , uMongameli uBush wasikisela ukuba kwakufuneka umsebenzi wokuthanda izwe. Phantse i-70% ye- GDP isekelwe kwimali yabasebenzisi. Nangona kunjalo, impilo yezoqoqosho kufuneka ilinganiswe ngokulingana kwemali yentsapho. Ubuncwane baseMerika, kungengasetyenziswanga, okuza kubangela ukuba kubekho umnotho kwixesha elide. Yaye loo butyebi yinto efunekayo ukuvumela izicwangciso zomhlala-phantsi ukuba ziphumelele.

02 Phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke izisebenzi zazixhomekeke ekuphumeni komhlalaphantsi

Abantu abaninzi bacinga nje ukuba, ukuba abanako ukufumana umhlalaphantsi, baya kuhlala besebenza. Ngelishwa, i-47% yabathathe umhlala-phantsi abaphoqelelwe ekubeni ngumhlala-phantsi ongakucwangciswanga ngenxa yokulahlwa, ukunyamekela abazali abagulayo okanye abafazi okanye izifo zabo. Ukucwangcisa umhlala-phantsi kubalulekile ukuphepha le nto.

I-Institute Research Benefit Institute yabona ukuba phantse ihafu (47% Isiqingatha sazo kwafuneka siyeke ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo okanye ukukhubazeka (55%). Enye i-23% kwafuneka inyamekele iqabane okanye amanye amalungu entsapho.

Enyanisweni, ukhathalelo lwempilo yinkcitho yesibini enkulu kunazo zonke kwiibhajethi ezininzi zabaqeshi. Ukongezelela, abantu abangama-12 abakhulu baseMelika baza kudinga ukunakekelwa kwexesha elide ngo-2020. Uninzi lwabantu aluqapheli ukuba le ntlawulo ayifihliwe yi-Medicare.

Okumangalisa kukuba, kuphela ama-20% ayanyanzelekile ukuba angene kumhlalaphantsi ngenxa yeenguqu kwiinkampani zabo, njengokunciphisa okanye ukuvalwa. Ubungacinga ukuba eso sizathu esiyintloko, ngenxa yeengxaki zemali. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu abaninzi babethi abakhubazekileyo bafumana iintlawulo eziza kuncedisa ingeniso yabo.

Oku kuphakanyisiwe kakhulu ukususela ngo-2007, xa kuphela abasebenzi abangama-37% baphoqelelwe ukuba baye kumhlala phantsi. Ngelo xesha, i-28% ayikwazanga ukusebenza ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo, ukunciphisa (28%), ukunyamekela ilungu lentsapho (25%) okanye zaxelelwa ukuba zinezakhono ezingapheliyo.

I-7% kuphela yabathathe umhlala-phantsi beyakwazi ukuhlala phantsi ngenxa yokucwangcisa kakuhle. Kule nto, phantse okwesithathu yenza njalo ngenxa yokuba bekwazi ukufumana umhlala-phantsi kwangaphambili, ngelixa ubuncinane be-1 kwaba-5 bafuna ukwenza enye into.

Ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwangaphambili kukutshatyalaliswa kakhulu kwabasebenzi abaninzi, kuba i-73% ayilungiselele ukuthatha umhlalaphantsi ukuya kuma-65 ubudala okanye kamva. Oku kungenxa yokuba bayayithanda imisebenzi yabo kangaka, kodwa kunoko bayaboni ukuba banokukhetha. Ngokutsho kwe-EBRI, aba basebenzi abaqinisekanga ngokukhuseleko lwabo lwezezimali, abanamathuba okuba babe neempesheni, kwaye ngaba ngabafazi. (Umthombo: Uvavanyo lwe-EBRI 2013).

03 Amadoda kunye nabasetyhini baSebenze ixesha elide ekuphumeni

Abasetyhini abaninzi abaphakathi kwama-55-64 baqhubeka besebenza, belibazise umhlalaphantsi. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka yobudala engama-65, bobabini basemsebenzini basebenze ngaphezu kwexesha elidlulileyo. Mhlawumbi uye waphawula ukuba oonobumba bokudala beevenkile bagqithisela abatsha.

I- Bureau of Labor Statistics izibikezelo zokuthi, ngo-2022, inani labasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-55 liya kukhula ukuya kuma-25% wabasebenzi, ukususela kwi-15% kwaba ngowama-2006. Laba baqeshwa baya kuba semisebenzi yecandelo leenkonzo, apho ininzi Ukukhula komsebenzi kuya kwenzeka. Uninzi lwale sebenzi yecandelo leenkonzo, njengabalimi bokutya, abagcini beempahla, kunye nabafundisi abathintelayo, abaye babanjwa ngabantu abancinci baya kubanjelwa ngumntu osemva komhlalaphantsi. (Umthombo: BLS 2004-14 Ukuhlaziywa kweMakethe yeMisebenzi)

Kodwa Abasebenzi abakhulileyo abayiKhupheka phantsi

I-BLS ibhengeze ukuba, kunokuba isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza, ngaphezu kwesigamu sabasebenzi abadala basebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwimisebenzi ye "bridge". Le mi sebenzi ithathwa yilabo abangenayo ipensheni, kunye nalabo abangenayo imali engaphantsi okanye imali ephezulu. Abo basemagqabini aphantsi bathatha imisebenzi yebridge ngenxa yokuba abanakho ukufumana umhlalaphantsi, kunye nalabo abasemagqabini aphezulu ngenxa yokuba bafuna ukuphonononga okukhethwa kwimiba enomdla kubo.

Uphononongo olusisigxina ngo-2009 lubonakalise ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo abaneminyaka engama-45-75 basemva kwisicwangciso sokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Uphononongo lukhe lwabavota kuphela abo abanempahla okungenani i-$ 100,000. Uninzi lwaloo butyebi lusekulinganisweni kwasekhaya, olungazange lubuyele kumazinga ka-2006 kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe.

Uphononongo luyekezela abo abanetyala elingaphantsi kwamaRandi ayi-100,000 - abantu abangenayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba bathathe umhlalaphantsi. Uqoqosho luya kutshintshwa kwimisebenzi yokuzimela kunye nekhontrakthi - imisebenzi engaboneleli. Nangona u-62% wabantu abahlolisweyo bakholelwa ukuba baya kuphinda bahlaziye ilahleko zabo, ukutshintsha iimeko zezoqoqosho kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi abayi kuba.

Abo basesigxina esingaphantsi abanako ukuhlawula umhlalaphantsi ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko lweNtlalo lujongene nokunqongophala, oku kuthetha iintlawulo ezincinci ngakumbi kulabo abahlala phantsi.

Iinkampani zinika 401 (k) esikhundleni seempesheni, ukwandisa ingozi kubasebenzi. Umngcipheko kukuba abasebenzi abaninzi abancedisi kwi-401 (k) izicwangciso kunye nabangenayo ingqalelo ingozi ekhoyo kwimarike yemasheya. Basenokufumanisa ukuba utyalo-mali lwabo luye lwadlula xa i-market ithatha ukuphazamiseka okukhulu xa ikulungele ukuthatha umhlalaphantsi.

Ukongezelela, ukulondolozwa kwangasese kumanqanaba abo aphantsi kakhulu ukususela kwiNkxwaleko enkulu . Emva kokuba isitokhehla siphumelele ngo-2000, abantu abaninzi abatshiswe yimarike yemasheya bafaka imali yabo emakhaya abo. AmaBomomers amaninzi alahlekelwa ukugcinwa komhlalaphantsi kunye nemizi yabo ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka-2008. Abo baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo babengenakukhetha kodwa bathathe nantoni na ukuba bakwazi ukuphila.

I-BLS iqikelela ukuba, njengoko lo mkhwa uyaqhubeka, "umhlala-phantsi wendabuko uya kuba yedwa ngaphandle kokulawula."

04 Kutheni Usebenza Kanzima, Kodwa Uvakalelwa Njengawe Ukufumana Okuncinane

Inxalenye enkulu yokwenza umkhiqizo okhulayo kukuba i-intanethi kunye nezinye izisombululo zeteknoloji zivumela abasebenzi ukuba bavelise ngaphezulu ngomlinganiselo ofanayo wenzame. Abasebenzi base-United States kufuneka bakhulise imveliso ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imali yabo yokunyuka imali ihlale ikhuphisana nabasebenzi bangaphandle. Oku kukhokelela kumgangatho ophantsi wokuhlala e-US ngexesha elide njengoko umvuzo ulingana.

05 Ingeniso yokungalingani eye yanyuka

Ikota enye yabasebenzi baseMerika benza imali engaphantsi kweedola ezili-10 ngeyure, edala ingeniso engaphantsi komgca wobuhlwempu . Okwangoku, i-1% ephezulu yabasebenzi bafumana ngaphezulu kwimali engenayo ngaphezu kwe-40% yabasebenzi. Oku kwakukho ngo-2005 xa uqoqosho lwalusakhula. Ngoku ukuba uqoqosho alusebenzi kakuhle, i-40% engaphantsi ivakalelwa ngokwenene. Ngaba amaMelika angayilungiselela njani umhlalaphantsi xa kukho ukungalingani okunjalo?

I-80% yamaMerika ayothusayo ayinakukwazi ukuhlala phantsi. Esinye isizathu sihlawulelwa i-CEO ngoku amaxesha angama-208 omsebenzi ophakathi. Oku kuye kwanda ukususela ngo-1980 Ngamanye amazwi, ukungalingani kwemali kuye kwanda. Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2006, umyinge wemyinge uhlale useplani naphezu kokunyuka kwemveliso yomsebenzi we-15%, ngelixa i-corporation inzuzo yanda ngo-13% ngonyaka.

Isizathu sesibini kukuba, ngexesha lebhola lezindlu, amaMerika asebenzisa ikhaya lawo njengeATM, usebenzisa ukulingana kwekhaya ukuthenga iimoto kunye nefenitshala. Ngoku ukuba isiqhelo siphelile, isiqingatha sabo bonke abaseMelika baphantsi kohlobo oluthile lokunyanzeliswa kwemithwalo yempahla. Ukongezelela, i-real estate "ukuqhaqhaqhaqhayisa" inokutshabalalisa imisebenzi emininzi - isiqingatha semisebenzi eyadalwa phakathi kuka-2000 no-2005 yayiyi-estate related.

Isizathu sesithathu kukuba abasebenzi abaninzi ngoku baxhomekeke kwi-401 (k) esikhundleni seempesheni ngenxa yokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Ngowe-1974, i-44% yabasebenzi babenesicwangciso somhlala-phantsi. Ngo-2004, kuphela i-17% kuphela. Uninzi lwabasebenzi abafaki okwaneleyo kwi-401 (k) yabo. Amashishini achitha ixesha elide achaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemali, kodwa abancedisi ngokwenene abasebenzi baqikelela ukuba bafuna kangakanani ukufaka isandla ekufinyeleleni umgomo wabo wokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Ukongezelela, amashishini awancedisi kakhulu njengabo bakwamanye amazwe.

06 Ezinyathelo Zokuphephelela Ukunyanzeliswa Ngomhlala-phantsi ongakucwangciswanga

Uninzi lwabantu luyeka ukucwangciswa komhlalaphantsi. Bacinga ukuba kuya kuthatha ixesha elininzi namandla. Abanye banenkxalabo yokuba kuya kuphazamiseka, kwaye ngokwenene baqinisekisa ukuba abayi kuze bakwazi ukuhlala phantsi. Emva koko kukho abanye abangayaziyo nokuba baqalise njani.

Ngaphandle kokubeka ipensela ephepheni, unokuzikhusela ezi zizathu ezine eziphambili zokuba abantu bathathe umhlalaphantsi ekuqaleni:

Impilo - Khusela impilo yakho. (Jonga Izinto Ezilishumi Eziphezulu Zokuzenzela Ubomi Obunempilo)
Ukunyamekela abanye - Jonga kwi-inshorensi yonyango elide. (Jonga i-LongTerm Care Care)
Ukunciphisa - Jonga kwisicwangciso sakho somsebenzi. (Jonga indlela yokuPhucula iLifa)
Izakhono ezingagqitywanga - Qinisekisa ukuba izakhono zakho zifikeleleke. (Funda indlela yokufumana izakhono ezintsha)

07 6 Amanyathelo okudala iSicwangciso soMhlala-phantsi

Nantsi indlela yokukhawuleza ukudala isicwangciso somhlala-phantsi. Enyanisweni, kutheni ungacwangcisi ixesha elithile ngeveki. Mane ulandele ezi nyathelo ezi-6 ezilula.

Mbonise ukuba ungakanani unayo kwimvuzo emva komhlalaphantsi. Ukuba ungazi ngokwenene, sebenzisa i-80% yengeniso yakho yangoku.
Ukukhupha isitatimende sakho seNkcazo yoLuntu seNtlalo, okanye uye kwi-My Social Security kwaye ufumanisa ukuba uzakufumana phi ulawulo lukaRhulumente waseburhulumenteni.
Mthabatha inzuzo yakho yoNyaka yoKhuseleko loLuntu kwingeniso oyifunayo kumhlalaphantsi.
Thatha okushiywe kwaye uhlule ngo -04. Leyo yimalini ofuna ukuyigcina ngaphambi kokuba ungene phantsi. Kungenxa yokuba ezininzi iingcali zithi kufuneka udwebe kuphela i-4% yenyama yakho yenyama ngonyaka. Leyona ndlela yindlela engcono yokuphelelwa yimali.
Ngoku ukuba unomgomo wakho, khangela ezinye iindlela zokugcina. Emva kwexesha, uya kukwazi ukugcina ngaphezulu nangaphezulu. Injongo efanelekileyo ngu-10% yengeniso yakho yonke.
Thetha kumcwangcisi wezemali ukuseka iipotifoliyo ezihlukeneyo ukukhusela iqanda lakho leenyama.

Abantu baseMerika bachitha ixesha elide bekhetha ivenkile okanye i-TV yesikrini esicacileyo ngaphezu kokucwangcisa umhlala-phantsi, ngokutsho kwephononongo lwakutshanje ngumboneleli wezezimali we-TIAA-CREF. Musa ukuba lo mfana. Thatha ixesha lamanyathelo ayisithandathu kwaye ucwangcise umhlalaphantsi wakho.