Zilandelwa yiKorea, iJamani, i-United Kingdom, iJapan, iMexico, iNew Zealand kunye neBelgium ijikeleza i-Top 10.
Iifayile ezincinci ze-biotech zilawulwa yilo mthetho ngaphandle kweyodwa, kunye neepesenti ezingama-72 zeenkampani ze-biotechnology e-United States ezinamaqela angama-50 okanye abambalwa.
Ukusekwa yiNkcitho ye-Biotechnology ye-R & D
Inani lamafemu enye indlela yokubeka i-biotech ngelizwe, ngelixa iindleko zophando kunye nophuhliso zenye. I-United States igxile kumncintiswano wayo osondeleyo, eFransi, ngo-8 ukuya kweyodwa, malunga nama-dollar ayi-27 yezigidigidi ukuya kuma-dollar angaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezi-3 ngo-2012. Abanye abachitha imali enkulu baseSwitzerland, eKorea, eJapan, eJamani naseDenmark kuzo zonke iiligidi ezigidi zeedola.
Indawo yokutshintshwa koPhando noPhuhliso
Nangona kunjalo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-uphando kunye nophuhliso luye lwangathi luxakeke kwi-European Union, eJapan, nase-United States ukususela ngo-2008, nge-1.6% kuphela izinga lokukhula ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2008 ukuya ku-2012. Okwangoku, i-China iyaqhubeka nokukhulisa imali yayo kwi-R & D ngokubanzi , ngokuphindwe kabini phakathi kuka-2008 no-2012.
Ngenxa yoko, kulindelwe ukuba iChina iya kuba yi-spender ehamba phambili kwi-R & D ngo-2019, ngokwe-OECD. Ingxelo ka-2012 ifumene ukuba iimali zikawonkewonke zisezinzile kumazwe amaninzi, ngoko awakwazi ukuphucula i-R & D ngezimali zikawonkewonke njengoko zenziwe ngophakamileyo lweengxaki zezoqoqosho ngo-2008-2010.
Ngokwe-2010 ye-OECD ingxelo yesayensi kunye ne-teknoloji, kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi umfanekiso weshishini ukhangeleke kwiminyaka kamva kwiindawo ezininzi ezingezona i-OECD, kuquka iSingapore, iBrazil, iChina, iNdiya kunye neMzantsi Afrika (i-OECD, 2010).
Nangona iJapane ikwahlula okwesibini kwiinkqubo ze-OECD, ayinalo kwi-5 ephezulu ngokubhekiselele kwiminye imithombo kunye nemigqaliselo. Ngo-Agasti 2010, i-Scientific Amercian ibeka iindawo eziphezulu ezi-5 ze-biotech kwi "Worldview Scorecard" njenge-USA, eSingapore, eCanada, eSweden naseDenmark.
Ezi zikhundla zaqulunqwa ngokusebenzisa ezi zilandelayo: I-IP kunye nokukwazi ukuyikhusela, ukunyaniseka, ichazwa njengendleko kwi-R & D, ukufumaneka kwenkxaso -mali kunye nenkxaso, ukufumaneka koogqirha kunye nobunzima belizwe ngokubhekiselele koshishino kunye nezinye iziseko. Amazwe akwenza kakuhle abo banokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwetheknoloji kunye neendlela ezininzi zokufumana inkxaso-mali yophando.
Ngaphandle kweMida: I-Global Biotechnology Report 2010, ngo-Ernst no-Young, ibonisa ukuba i-China ne-Indiya zibala njengamazwe angama-2 aphezulu ekwandiseni umkhiqizo wekhaya (GDP) ngexesha lokubizwa ngokuba yi-Global Recession ye-2 edlulileyo.
Izibalo zibonisa ukuba iChina iya kudala ibe yintengiso yesithathu yemveliso emva kwe-USA neJapan, kwaye, ngokuba yindawo eyaziwayo (engabizi) yokunikezelwa kwempahla, iya kwenza kakuhle kwiminyaka ezayo. I-Indiya nayo yazuza ngokunciphisa nokunciphisa iindleko kwezinye iintlanga ngexesha lokunciphisa umnotho, ngenxa yabasebenzi bayo abanezakhono kunye neendleko zokuvelisa kunye nokuphanda.
Imithombo:
OECD, ihlaziywe ngoJulayi 2015. http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/keybiotechnologyindicators.htm
Ernst & Young, 2010. Ngaphandle kwemida: I-biotechnology ye-Global Report 2010.