Uphuhliso olutshanje
Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo kubonakala inqandelelo enkulu ekusebenziseni izitho zengulube ze-xenotransplantation kwakukho ukuma kwe-galactosyl (GAL) ezinxulumene neendawo zeseli zezilwanyana zezilwanyana kwaye zenziwe yi- enzyme alpha-galactosyl transferase. Izibambiso, kuquka nabantu, abanalo i-GAL-links kwiindawo zabo zeseli kwaye bavelise izifo ezinqamlezayo, kubangele ukulahlwa kwezitho zezilwanyana ezitshalisiweyo.
Kususela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izizathu zokurhoxiswa komzimba ziyinkimbinkimbi kunokuba, kunye ne-antigens ezongezelelweyo ziye zabandakanyeka kwiimpendulo zomzimba zomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, imiba ye-immunological ihlala iinjongo eziphambili kwi-xenotransplantation, ngokutsho kukaDkt. Muhammad Mohiuddin we-NIH Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Programme, i-Heart Heart, iLung, ne-Blood Institute.
Ukongeza kwimiba ye-immunological, kukho ukukhathazeka kokukhusela kubantu bonke, ngenxa yokusuleleka kwintsholongwane yesifo segciwane, kunye neengxaki zamalungelo ezilwanyana, ezibangelwa ingxoxo yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwisihloko se-xenotransplantation.
Ngenxa yoko, kukho ezininzi izithintelo zokulawula ukunqoba, ngaphambi kokuba i-xenotransplantation iba yinto yonke yemihla ngemihla.
Yiyiphi inyawo?
Ukutshintshwa kwezitho zezilwanyana kubantu kuyacaca kwenziwa kwintlawulo yesilwanyana esicatshulwayo. Abameli bamalungelo oluntu bayakholelwa ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuba bahlakulele izilwanyana ukuze bazuze ubomi babantu, nokuba ngaba kusetyenziswe iziko zabo okanye uphando oluyimfuneko ukuba bafunde iziganeko zokuzikhusela izifo ezibangelwa ukugatywa komzimba.
Abantu abanalo mngcipheko kulo mbandela. Iimpembelelo zezilwanyana ezingalindelekanga ziza kuba negalelo lomntu ongaziwayo. Abachasene ne-xenotransplantation besoyika ukuba ezi zintsholongwane, xa zingeniswa kwinkqubo yomntu zingabangela izifo zesifo esingaba ne-immunity kwaye akukho unyango. Ngokomzekelo, okwangoku iilwanyana zezilwanyana eziphambili zezilwanyana zokufumana izilwanyana zabantu, ziphethe i-retrovirus ebizwa nge-PERV (Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus). Le ntsholongwane iboniswe ukuba ichaphazele iseli zabantu kwaye iziphumo zentsholongwane azikaze zenziwe.
Abanye abachasene ne-xenotransplantation bakholelwa ukuba izilwanyana azikho isisombululo, kodwa ezo nkampani ze-biotech zifuna nje ukwenza imali ekusebenzeni kwabo ukuhlanganisa iiseli zezilwanyana kunye nokudala ii- GMO , ngokukodwa iingulube ze-GM (izitshixo ezingenayo i-alpha-galactosyl transferase enzyme).
I Pros
Ukusebenzisa izitho zezilwanyana kunokunciphisa ubude bexesha abaninzi abantu kufuneka balinde ilungu elifanelekileyo, kwaye babeya kwenza ukuba ukuguqulwa kwenzeke ngelixa ummkeli enamandla kwaye enempilo kwaye engcono ukukwazi ukunyamezela ukuhlinzwa. Ngokwezibalo ezicatshulwe yiLincoln Journal Star, inani elikhoyo lamashumi angama-20 ngonyaka ngamnye eMelika linokunyuka libe ngaphezu kwe-100,000, ukuba izilwanyana zisebenzise, kunye nama-12 angama-73,000 aseMelika alindele ukuguquka ukufa imihla ngemihla.
Kuthemba ukuba iindlela ezikhoyo zangoku zokujoba iiseli zomnikeli kwiimbobo zengulube, e-utero, ziya kuphelisa isidingo sezilwanyana ezingenakuxilonga impawu njengoko kuboniswe ukuba umnikeli kunye nommkeli ahambelane xa ehlolwe kwihagu nezinye izilwanyana. Oku kuthetha ukusebenzisa iindlela zokuvelisa i-molecular genetic ukudala izilwanyana ze-GM, ngokutshintshile ngokutshintshile ukuba zibe ngumdlalo womntu owamkelayo. Iintlobo zogqonkqo ziza kuzaliswa kwaye zikhuliswe ngenjongo yodwa yokubingelelwa ngamachiza.
Iigogo zikhethwa kakuhle ngabaxhasi bombutho ngenxa yexesha labo elifutshane lokunyuka, izinga lokukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nobukhulu bezitho (ukufana nabantu). Ukukhanyela ngokusesikweni (HAR) kwezitho ezivela kwi-Gal-knockout ingulube ezifakwe kwiimfene zithintelwe ngenxa yokungabikho kwembonakalo ye-1,3-galactosyltransferase.
Nangona ezinye iimpendulo zomzimba zikhona, kukho ithemba lokuba ukuguqulwa kohlobo lweemfuyo kuya kwenzeka, ukujongana nomcimbi we-HAR kubantu.
Ngokutsho kukaDkt. Muhammad Mohiuddin, imiba yokuziphatha esekelwe kwisifo esasasazeka kwizilwanyana ukuya kubantu kubonakala ngathi sinamanzi amancinane kunokuba bekucingwa ngaphambili, ekubeni i-PERV ayifumananga ukuba iphathelele nawuphi na umntu ophathwe ngeengxube zeengulube, kwaye akukho izifo ezibangelwa sisifo kwabasebenzi basefama basemsebenzini abachaphazelekayo ekujongeni ihagu.
Iigogo zihlambulukile kwaye zinokuphakanyiswa kwiindawo ezicocekileyo xa kuyimfuneko. Iifama zeehagu zophando kwi-xenotransplantation ziqulethe iifarnethi ezifakwe izihlunu zokugcina ii-virus kunye neebhaktheriya. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba / xa iikhabhi ziphakanyiswa ukuguquka komntu, nabasebenzi basefama baya kugqoka iimaski zokuthintela ukukhutshwa kweehagu kumagciwane omntu.
Umxhasi
Imiba yokuziphatha ejikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwezitho zezilwanyana zokuguquka kwabantu zibonakala ziphindwe kathathu. Kukho umbandela wamalungelo esilwanyana kunye nokuzaliswa kwezilwanyana nje ngokusetyenziswa komntu kunye nokufumana inzuzo yonyango. Okwesibini, kukho abathile bakholelwa ukuba iteknoloji ye-xenotransplant yindlela enye yeenkampani ze-biotech ukwenza imali, kwaye abaxhalabele ngenhlalakahle yezilwanyana okanye abanenkxalabo ngokwenene kuluntu, ngenxa yokungahoywa kwimeko yesithathu , okuyiyo impembelelo engaziwayo ebantwini, kufuneka isifo esitsha singeniswe kuso esingenakho unyango.
Apho ibeka khona
Iingcali ezibandakanya uphando lwe-xenotransplant zibonakala zichithe ezininzi iingxabano ezichasene nobuchwepheshe. Ngokomcwaningi okhokelayo uDkt. William Beschorner kwiYunivesithi yaseNebraska yeZonyango, oye wavelisa ngempumelelo intliziyo kunye nemithambo yegazi phakathi kweengulube kunye neegusha kuhanjiswe, kufuneka kube ngokwaneleyo ukuvimbela nabani na ukuba bangabe besengozini yabathengi ukuze benze imali. Ukongezelela, omnye umfama ongazichazi wacatshulwa nguBob Reeves weLincoln Journal Star esithi iingeniso kubalimi beehagu ziza kuba zincinci.
I-Ethicist uDkt. Andrew Jameton, wase-Nebraska Medical Centre e-Omaha, wabonisa ukuba lo mbandela awufani noluphando kwinqanaba lezonyango. Nangona umnqweno wokuqatshelwa kunye nokuhlawulelwa kwindleko yophando isoloko isilingo, i-especailly apho i-capitalist involvement ibandakanyeka khona, "izazinzulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zimele zilinde ukuvumela inzuzo ifike phambili kwindlela yesayensi kunye nokuchaneka". Okokuthi, imbambano yobungqina ayikho mkhulu kule ndawo kunokuba nayiphi enye intsimi yesayensi kwaye akufanele ijongwe njengesizathu sokubamba ubuchwepheshe ukuze kugcine ubomi.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ezibandakanya uphando lwe-xenotransplant zitsho ukuba uphando lwabo lulawulwa kakhulu kwaye izilwanyana ezibandakanyekayo ziphathwe ngenhlonipho enkulu, ngaphezu kokunikezwa nayiphi na i-painkillers okanye i-anesthetics efunekayo ukuze ibencede. Kwimizamo emininzi, iiseliti zeentsimbi azixhunyiwe kwizitho ezifakwe kutshintshiweyo, ngoko ke izilwanyana azikwazi ukuziva ubuhlungu obuvela kwiziko.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho nanye inkqubela phambili yonyango yoluntu eyayingenziwa ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, i-fact remains ukuba i-xenotransplantation ihamba ngokwemigaqo kwizinga elihlukileyo, njengoko nangona emva kokuba iteknoloji isungulwe, izilwanyana ziya kuhlala zifuna ukuzincama ngenxa yobomi babantu abaxhamliweyo.
Imithombo:
Mohiuddin, M. Clinical Xenotransplantation yeeMbutho: Kutheni singekho? PLOS Med. 4 (3): e75. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pmed.0040075.
Reeves, B. Izilwanyana zeZilwanyana zithembisa abantu, iiMigodi zeMigodi Injongo yoPhando lweZiko leMedi, kunye neFama ekhethekileyo yokuxhasa uPhando. I-Lincoln Journal Star kwi-series ye-Intanethi kwi-Ethics Ethics: I-Tough Choices.