Iimvume ze-ACLU zivumelanisa ukuba amagunya eentlobo zomntu aphule uMthetho wokuQuqulwa kokuQala kunye nomthetho wamalungelo olungelo lobunikazi ngenxa yokuba izakhi zengqungquthela "ziyimveliso yendalo" kwaye ngoko ayikwazi ukufumana ilungelo lobunikazi. I-ACLU iphinde ihlawulise ukuba ilungelo lobunikazi be-BRCA liyanciphisa ukufikelela kwabasetyhini ekuhlolweni kwemfuyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo kwaye ukuba u-Myriad owamkelekileyo ekuvavanyeni kuvimbela abafazi ukuba bafumane umbono wesibini.
Amacandelo omabini kwimeko ahlanganiswa ngamanyano anomdla; Iigulane zesigulane, izazinzulu kunye nemibutho yezokwelapha kwicala lommangali kunye ne- biotech icandelo kunye nabanikazi bamalungelo abenzi bamalungelo kunye namagqwetha ngaphesheya kweMyriad. ISebe lezoBulungisa base-United States (DOJ) lifake i-amicus emfutshane ngoDisemba 2010 eyayixhasa ityala le-ACLU. I-DoJ yaxela ukuba amalungelo omenzi kufuneka anikezelwe kuphela kwiijethi eziye zaguqulwa.
Ngo-Matshi 2010, uMgwebi uRobert W. Sweet weNkundla yeSithili yase-US eNew York wagweba ukuba amalungelo awodwa asemthethweni. Wafumanisa ukuba ukuhlukanisa i-molecule ayifumananga inoveli, imfuno yelungelo lobunikazi.
Nangona kunjalo, ngoJulayi 29, 2011, iNkundla yeSibheno seNtshonalanga eNew York yaguqula isigwebo sikaSweet. Igwethi lejaji eli-3 lalawula u-3-0 ukuba i- DNA eyongezelelweyo (i-cdNA) , uhlobo olutshintshile lwe-DNA, luvumelekile; 2-1 ukuba i-DNA ekhethiweyo ivumelekile; kunye no-3-0 ukuba iindlela ze-Myriad zokwenza uvavanyo lwezonyango zebele kunye ne-ovarian isifo somhlaza sifanelekile.
Isimo
Ininzi (malunga ne-80 ekhulwini) yabanini be-DNA abanikazi bee-patent ziiyunivesithi ezingenzi nzuzo ezingazange zenze i-patent. Abaphengululi bezemfundo bafaka izicelo zamalungelo olungelo lokukhusela uphando lwabo kunye nokufaka isicelo sokuqatshelwa kwezaziso ezikhoyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukufaka isicelo sephepha lobunikazi ekufunyenwe kunokubangela ukuba ufikeleleke ukufikelela ekuphenyweni kwabo kufuneka ibhanti ekhuphisanayo ifumane ukufumanisa okufanayo, isicelo se patent, kwaye isebenzise amalungelo abo njengabanikazi bamalungelo abenzi.
Yile ndlela i-Myriad ityala ngayo. I-Myriad Genetics, iqumrhu elizimeleyo, lisebenzise ilungelo layo elisemthethweni njengelungelo lobunikazi. Amatyala kaMyriad malunga needola ezingama-3 000 ukuhlolwa kovavanyo lomhlaza kwaye agcine ilungelo elilodwa lokuvavanya de i-patent yayo iphelelwe ngowama-2015. Umba wawunzima nakakhulu xa umntu ejonga ibali elingemuva. I-Myriad Genetics inamalungelo obunikazi be-BRCA1 kunye ne-BRCA2 kunye neYunivesithi yase-Utah, eyafumanisa ijeni ngexesha ixhaswa yi-National Institutes of Health (NIH). Njengoko isenzo esiqhelekileyo, iYunivesithi yase-Utah inikwe iteknoloji kwinkampani yabucala ukuphuhliswa kwezorhwebo.
Yiyiphi inyawo?
Umba wokuba ingaveli okanye iifomu zezakhi zofuzo kufuneka zibe nefuthe elilodwa lobunikazi lichaphazela izigulane, imboni, abaphandi nabanye.
Eyona nkalo:
- Ukususela ekubeni iProjekthi ye-Human Genome yagqitywa ngo-2001, i-Ofisi ye-Patent yase-United States inikezele ngamalungelo abenzi abenzi bama-60,000 angama-patent-based based patents agqithise ukuhlukahluka kwemfuza kunye nobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwemfuza. Ama-patent angama-2,600 angama-DNA.
- Uphando lwezenzululwazi utyanduva lokusebenzisa ubuchwephesha bokuvelisa ubugcisa obunelungelo lobunini kuphando olusisiseko kunye novavanyo lokuhlola.
- Ukufikeleleka komonde kwiimvavanyo zofuzo ezincinci kunye neendleko zokufumana uluvo lwesibini.
- Utyalo-mali kwiimveliso ze-biotech ukuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana ezisekelwe kwi-gene kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola
- Umbuzo wokuziphatha kunye nefilosofi: Ngubani ophethe iizakhi zakho zegesi?
Iingxoxo
I-Biotechnology Industry Organisation, iqela loorhwebo, lichaze ukuba imfuneko yobunini bemveliso kubangele utyalo-mali olukhokelela ekutsha. Kwi-amicus mfutshane enkundleni enxulumene necala le-Myriad, iqela liyabhala:
"Kwiimeko ezininzi, iipalent-based patents zibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkampani ze-biotech ukukwazi ukutsala inkunzi kunye notyalo-mali oluyimfuneko ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezintsha zokuxilonga, ezonyango, ezolimo kunye nezendalo. Ngaloo ndlela, imiba ephakanyisiwe kule meko ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-biotechnology yase-US. "
Iingxabano
Abamangalelwa kwimeko ye-Myriad bathi i-7 ye-Myriad ye-BRCA ye-gene patents patents ayikho mthethweni ngenxa yokuba izakhi zendalo zendalo kwaye ngoko ke zingagunyazisiyo, kwaye ukuba amalungelo abenzi abathintela ukuvavanya nokuhlola uphando lomhlaza we-breast and ovarian.
Izenzululwazi ezichasene negciwane lobunikazi zifuna ukuba amalungelo amaphepha afanelekileyo angavimbela uphando ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza ilayisenisi okanye ukuhlawula ubuchwephesha obunelungelo lobunikazi.
Amanye amagqirha kunye namaziko ogqirha akhathazeka ukuba ukukhula kwamalungelo obunikazi okunyanzeliswayo kukunciphisa ukufikelela kwesigulane kwiimvavanyo zokuhlola i-genetic ukuhlolwa kwesifo se-Alzheimer, umhlaza, kunye nezinye izifo ezifa.
Apho ibeka khona
Icala le-Myriad lagqitywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States ngo-Juni 13, 2013. Inkundla yalawula ngokubambisana ukuba i- DNA ayifumanekanga, kodwa loo DNA yokwenziwa (kuquka i-cDNA ye-BRCA1 neye-2 yegesi) ifanelekile.
Isiqendu kwisigqibo senkundla:
Ingxenye ye-DNA yendalo ngokwemvelaphi yendalo yemveliso kwaye ayifanelekanga yelungelo lobunikazi kuphela ngenxa yokuba sele ikhulile, kodwa i-cDNA inelungelo lobunikazi ngenxa yokuba ayilindelekanga ngokwemvelo .... i-cDNA ayiyona "imveliso yendalo," ngoko ke i-patent eligunyazisiweyo phantsi kwe-ยง101.I-cDNA ayikho imimiselo efanayo yokubaluleka njengokwenziwa ngokwemvelo, i-DNA ehlukeneyo.Ukudala kwayo kubangela i-molecule ye-exons kuphela, engekho ngokwemvelo eyenzekayo. kodwa ingcali yebhanki idala into entsha xa i-introns isuswa kwi-DNA ngokulandelelana ukwenza i-cDNA. "
Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sishiya abaninzi abanamalungelo abenzi-patent kunye ne-US Patent kunye ne-Ofisi yeMpawu yoRhwebo ephethe ibhegi exubekileyo, enokuthi uninzi lwamacala. Phantse iipesenti ezingama-20 zazo zonke iigleji zomntu sele sele zilungiswe ngamalungelo oluntu, ngokubhekiselele kwi-National Society of Genetic Counselors.