Le teknoloji inyuliweyo ukwenzela ukulungiswa kwemfuyo, kungekhona nje kwiibhaktheriya, kodwa kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, izakhi zofuzo ezinika iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo, ezifana nokuxhatshazwa kwezidalwa zepilisi, ukukhuseleka kwezifo zentsholongwane, okanye ukukhula kwamazinga okukhula kungafakwa ngqo kwi-DNA yesityalo okanye yezilwanyana.
Olu fakelo lokufakelwa kwemfuza luvelisa uhlobo olutshintshisayo lomzimba (GMO) kunye nesimo esifanelekileyo.
I-GM Yokutya Yokuqala
Ukutya kokuqala kokuguqulwa kwesigidi (GM) okuthengiswayo kwakuthengiswa yiTlavv-Savr utamatisi, ephuhlisiwe ekuqaleni kwee-1990 nguCalgene, Inc. Inkampani yathengwa nguMonsanto kungekudala emva kokuba iitamatato zivunywe ukuthengiswa. Ezi tamatato zenzelwe ukunqanda i-polygalacturonase gene ukuba zilibale ukukhawuleza emva kokuvuthwa.
I-Flavr Savr Utamatisi inokuthi ikhethiwe kwaye igcinwe ixesha elide kunezinye iintlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhetha i- DNA eyayicinezela i-polygalacturonase gene kwi-tomato, abaphandi basebenzisa igesi yesibini eyenza iibhaktheriya zithintele kwi-antibiotic kanamycin. I-Flavr Savr Utamatisi, ngoko, yabonisa le geni ye-bacterial kanamycin.
Ukunciphisa okutyebileyo kweetamatato kuncitshiswe iindleko zokuqhuba ukwenza iimveliso zetamatato, njengentambo yamatamatisi, ngoko yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iinguqu ezincinci zeemveliso zentamatyambo ezithengiswa kwiivenkile kwiNtshona Koloni naseUnited Kingdom.
Ngo-1998, emva kokuba isazi senzululwazi wase-UK u-Arpad Pusztai sichaze ukukhathazeka malunga nokutya kwe-GM kwiprogram ye-TV yaseBrithani, ukuthengiswa kwehla kwehla kakhulu. Iimveliso zeTratov i-Flavr Savat zaphuma kwikarhwebo ngo-1999.
I-Engineered Papaya
Umzekelo osandul 'utsha nje wezityalo eziqingqiweyo yi-Rainbow Papaya. Ngama-1990, i-virtual phosphorus yanciphisa i-Hawaiian production papaya ngo-40%.
Ekuphenduleni, uDkt. Dennis Gonsalves, ngoko kwiYunivesithi yaseHawaii, wenza injini yepayipi ukuze enze enye yeengcambu zegciwane zegciwane (iproteni ye-virus) eyenza isityalo se-papaya sichasene nentsholongwane kaGawulayo. Le ngcamango ifana nokugonywa.
Ngokuphambene nombono "wezolimo ezinkulu" ukunyusa izityalo ze-GM kwiimarike, imbewu yeParbowbow iPapaya yayisasazwa ngokukhululekile kwaye ngoku idayiswa ngeendleko yi-non-profit eHawaii Papaya Industry Association. I-Rainbow Papaya yiyona kuphela isityalo seMG esithengiswayo (ngaphandle kweetamatati ukuba ubona isiqhamo).
Ukuchasana kwi-Ringspot Virus Kwakuphela Isinyathelo Sokuqala
Nangona i-gene iguqula i-Rainbow Papaya igcina ezolimo zaseHawaii zepayaya, impumelelo yoshishino yezityalo iye yaphela ngenxa yokuba inxalenye enkulu yemarike yeepayayari ihlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuthengiswa kwamapayaya aseHawaii kwiJapan kwakuyi-$ 15 yezigidi ngo-1996, kodwa kuphela i-$ 1 yezigidi ngonyaka ka-2010. Ukufumana iPawnbow Rainbow evunyelwe ukuthengiswa ngaphandle kwe-US kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo yokuphumelela kwezoshishino kunye nokubuyiselwa okwenene kwipayipi laseHawaii.
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi yokubhikisha, iJapane yagqitywa ngokuthengisa i-Rainbow Papaya ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-2011, eyenza iHawaii ithuba lokubuyisela imarike yepayipi elahlekile.
Ekubeni i-Rainbow Papaya iya kuthiwa yi-GM yokutya, nangona kunjalo, kusele kubonakala ukuba isityalo esilungileyo esitshintshileyo esitshintshileyo siya kunqoba njani ukukhathazeka ngokubanzi malunga nokutya kwe-GM.
Iingqolowa nembewu: Impumelelo yangempela ye-GMO
Nangona ukufumaneka kokutya okupheleleyo okuguqulwa kwemfuyo kuninzi kakhulu, ukutya okucwangcisiweyo okubandakanya iimveliso ze-GM sele ziyimveliso enkulu kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Ubuninzi bokutya okuvelisiweyo ngokuveliswa kwezityalo ziyiziveliso ezinkulu zorhwebo ezifana nommbila, ubhontshisi kunye nekotoni (ioli ekhompyutheni isetyenziselwa ukutya okucutshulweyo).
Ngo-2011, i-hectares eziyi-160 yezigidi ze-GM zityalo zaphuhliswa, i-90% yazo yayise-US, eBrazil, e-Argentina, eNdiya naseCanada. Oku ngaphezu kwe-10% yelizwe lokulima kwezityalo. Phantse i-82% yekotoni, i-75% yeesoya, i-32% yengqolowa, kunye ne-26% ye-canola yenziwe ngezofuzo.
Ngelixa ubuninzi bezityalo ze-GM ziya kukutya kwezilwanyana kunye namafutha, ii-GMOs ngoku ziqhelekile kwizinto zokutya kwi-Western hemisphere ne-Indiya. Uqikelelo lokuba malunga no-70% wokutya okucutshulweyo kuthengiswa e-US kunye no-60% wokutya okucatshulwa eCanada iqukethe izityalo eziguqulwa ngokwemizimba, ininzi kwi-soybeans GM kunye nengqolowa. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-5% kuphela yokutya okucutshulweyo kwiithala ze-European store ziqukethe ii-GMO.
GM Animals
Izilwanyana eziphathekayo eziphathekayo eziphathekayo zenziwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswe kuphando. Ngokomzekelo, imodeli yegundane ngobunjineli obuninzi bobugcisa kuyisistim esisisiseko sokufumanisa iziyobisi kunye nophuhliso. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kude kubekho, akukho zilwanyana zeGM eziye zafakwa kwiimarike zokutya.
Ukuxhamla kokutya kwezilwanyana ze-GM kungekudala kungekudala, ukuba i-AquAdvantage Salmon ivunyiwe. I-AquAdvantage Salmon yi-salmon yaseAtlantiki ene-sinoon engaphelelwanga ye-sinoon ye-salmon yokukhula i-hormone gene eyafakwa kwi-DNA yayo. Le mfuyo esuka kwi-salmon ekhulayo ngokukhawuleza i-Chinook ivumela i-AguAdvantage Salmon ukuba ikhule ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunabantwana bayo bemvelo.
Ngomhla ka-Septemba 2010, ukuhlaziywa kwiKomiti yezoLimo lweMfuyo ye-FDA, "ininzi yeziphumo zokuvavanya zifake ukufana kunye nokulingana phakathi kweAppAdvantage Salmon kunye ne-salmon yase-Atlantic" ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko lokutya. Nangona kunjalo, nangona imvume yokugqibela i-salmon ilindeleke emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuhlaziywa kwalo, isalindele malunga neminyaka emibini kamva.
Akukho zimpendulo ezilula kwi-GMOs
Ngaba ii- GMO ziyingozi kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwemithombo yethu yokutya okanye ukwandiswa kweteknoloji yesimanje ukuphucula ukutya kwethu? Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani oyicelayo. Izityalo ze-GM, ubuncinci, ziye zakhawuleza ziba yingxenye ebalulekileyo kunye nokwandisa imarike yokutya jikelele.
Ukuxhaphazwa kwe-Genetic ngokusebenzisa ukuhlengahlengiswa kuye kwenzelwa amawaka eminyaka ukuvelisa ukuguqulwa kwezolimo okwabangelwa ingqolowa yenkomo nengqolowa, iinkukhu ezidliwayo kunye namakhulu eentlobo zeepile. Ezi zakhono ziye zavelisa isibalo sehlabathi esizigidi ezili-7.
Namhlanje, ubunjineli bezofuzo bungaba yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuphucula imveliso yokutya ukuze ihlangabezane nemingeni yokukhula kwehlabathi jikelele. Ngaba uya kulawula ukusetyenziswa kweDNA ngokuzimela ngobunjineli kwisigqibo esilandelayo ekuphuculweni kwezityalo kunye nokuphuhliswa kokutya ukuhlangabezana nemingeni ezayo yokondla ihlabathi, okanye ingozi eyenza ingakhokelela kwimiphumo emibi yezempilo emhlabeni wonke?