I-Genetic Polymorphism ichazwe
Xa i-monomorphism ithetha ukuba neyodwa ifomu kunye ne-dimorphism kuthetha ukuba kukho iifom ezimbini kuphela, i-polymorphism yegama lixesha elikhethekileyo kwi-genetics kunye ne-biology, ephathelene neendlela ezininzi ze-gene ezingaba khona.
Eli gama alithethi kumpawu zobuninzi ngokuhlukahluka okuqhubekayo njengokuphakama (nangona le nto ingaba yinto efanelekileyo).
Endaweni yoko, i-polymorphism ibhekisela kwiifom eziyekekayo (zineenkquko ezichanekileyo), i-bimodal (ekhoyo okanye ebandakanya iimodi ezimbini), okanye i-polymodal (iindlela ezininzi). Ngokomzekelo, i-earlobes ifakiwe, okanye ayikho, yinto / okanye imeko kwaye ayithandi ukuphakama, engekho inombolo ebekwe okanye enye.
I-polymorphism kwasekuqaleni isetyenziselwa ukuchaza iintlobo ezibonakalayo zeezitho zomzimba, kodwa eli gama lisetyenziselwa ukuquka iindlela zokudibanisa ezifana neentlobo zegazi, ezifuna ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuchaza. Ngamanye amaxesha, eli gama lisetyenziswe ngokungafanelekanga ukuchaza iintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye iintlobo ezihlukeneyo, kodwa i-polymorphism ibhekisela ekubeni iifom ezininzi ze-gene esisodwa kufuneka zithathe indawo efanayo ngexesha elifanayo (ezingabandakanyi indawo, ubuhlanga okanye i-seasonal morf. ) U
I-polymorphism ye-Genetic ibhekisela kuvela kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu eziqingqiweyo ze-phenotypes kwiindawo ezithile (ngokulinganisela ukuba ukugqithiswa kweempawu akunakugcinwa nje ngoguquko oluphindaphindiweyo). I-polymorphism ikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwaye iqhubeka kwizizukulwana ezininzi kuba akukho fomu enye ifumaneke inzuzo okanye inzuzo ngaphezu kwabanye ngokwemvelo yokukhetha.
Polymorphism kunye noTshintshiso
Utshintsho ngokwawo alukwahluli njengeipolymorphisms. I-polymorphism yi- DNA ngokulandelelana kweendlela eziqhelekileyo kubemi. Ukutshintsha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, naluphi na utshintsho kwi-DNA ngokulandelelana kude nokuqhelekileyo (okubonisa ukuba kukho i-allele evamile esebenzayo kubantu kwaye ukuba utshintsho lulo lutshintsho oluqhelekileyo kwisiqhelo esingaqhelekanga nesingavamile.)
Kwiipolymorphisms, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezamkelekileyo okanye ezingaphezulu kunye nokwahlulelwa njenge-polymorphism, i-allele encinane ifanele ibe ne-1% okanye ngaphezulu kubemi. Ukuba ubude buphantsi kweli, i-allele ithathwa njengenguqu.
Polymorphism kunye ne Enzyme
I-Gene ukulandelelanisa izifundo, njengaleyo eyenziwe kwiprojekthi ye-genome yomntu, ibonise ukuba kwizinga le-nucleotide, i-gene edibanisa iprotheyini ethile inokuba neyantlukwano elandelelanayo.
Oku kwahlukileyo akuyikuguqula yonke imveliso ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuvelisa iprotheni eyahlukeneyo kodwa inokuba nempembelelo yenkqutyana yesigxina kunye nemisebenzi ethile (i-enzymes), ukusebenza ngokuzibophezela (izinto zokubhaliselwa, iiprotheni ze-membrane, njl.) Okanye ezinye izinto kunye nemisebenzi .
Ngokomzekelo, ngaphakathi koluntu, kukho ezininzi iipolymorphisms ezahlukeneyo ze-CYP 1A1, enye yeenzymes ezininzi ze-cytochrome P450 zesibindi.
Nangona i-enzyme ixhomekeke ngokulandelelana kunye nesakhiwo, iipolymorphisms kule nzyme inokuchaphazela indlela abantu abajonganisa ngayo iziyobisi.
I-CYP 1A1 i-polymorphisms kubantu, apho, ngaphandle kwe-7 i-Isoleucine i-amino acid ithathelwa ngu-Valine, idibaniswe nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-polymorphisms yezofuzo kwakukho kwamandla e- DECODE Genetics , inkampani ejolise ekuqaliseni iziganeko zengozi yezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Imithombo:
I-Ford, EB 1975. i- Genetics (i-4th ed.). London: Chapman & Hall
I-Ford, i-EB (1940). "I-polymorphism ne-Taxonomy". EYulian Huxley (ed.). INew Systematics . Oxford: Clarendon Pr. iphe. 493-513. ISBN 1-930723-72-5.
USheppard, uFilimi M. 1975. Ukukhethwa kweNdalo kunye noHeredity (4th ed.) London: Hutchinson.