Izinto Zokuhlala Unengqondo Njengoko Uqala Uhambo Lwakho kwi-Independence Yezezimali
1. Eyokuqala Uqala, I-Easier It Is Building Toalth Ngenxa Yamandla Okuqulunqwa
Mhlawumbi uvile ezi zihlandlo zigidi kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uyifake kwangaphakathi ngendlela eguqula indlela oziphatha ngayo kwaye ulungelelanise izinto eziphambili. Uya kugcina ucebile kakhulu xa uqala ukutshala imali ekuqaleni. Yonke into ngenxa yenzalo kunye kunye nemiphumo yempembelelo iyadangalisa. Umzekelo, oneminyaka engama-18 ubudala ehamba ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi kwaye usindisa i-$ 5,000 ngonyaka kwindawo yokukhusela irhafu efana neRoth IRA , efumana ireyithi yokubuyela kwexesha elide, iza kugqiba ukutsala i-$ 4,359,874. Ukuba uneminyaka engama-38 ubudala ukufezekisa into efanayo, kufuneka ukuba alondoloze ngaphezulu kwama-36,000 wamawaka ngonyaka.
Ukuze ube ngumkholi, funda indlela i-college grad yakutshanje inokuphelela ngayo i-$ 4,426,000 ngokugcina imali eyi-111 yerhafu nganye ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe okanye indlela yokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bakho ngokusebenzisa ixabiso lexesha lemali yefomula, zombini ichaza indlela ngeenkcukacha.
2. Akukho nto Inokuthi Abantu Bathi, Azikho Iingxowa Zesiliva-Ukulinganisa Iipotfoliyo Zakho kwiimeko Zakho zoBomi obuNye, iinjongo, ukunyamezela, kunye neenjongo.
Abantu banomdla wokuba babandakanyeke ngokomzwelo kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala, ngamanye amaxesha banqula uncedo oluthile lomthetho, indlela, okanye nkampani.
Balahlekelwa ingqiqo kwaye bayalibale i-adage, "Ukuba kubonakala kukuhle ukuba yinyani, mhlawumbi ikhona." Ukuba ufumana umrhumo onokuthi "Yiyo kuphela isitokethi oza kufuneka ukuyithenga," okanye "Thenga izinto ezintathu zenkcazo kwaye ungayihoxisa yonke into," okanye "ii-stocks zamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zibhetele kunezitshixo zasekhaya". iinduli.
Unomsebenzi wokwenza nje ngokuba "umphathi" wepotfolio yakho. Lo msebenzi uxhomekeka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya iinjongo zakho, iinjongo, izibonelelo, isimo sengqondo, iprofayili yeprofayili, i-bracket bracket, ukuzimisela ukuzinika ixesha, kwanokuba ubandlululo. Ekugqibeleni, iphothifoliyo yakho kufuneka ithathe impawu zobuntu bakho kunye nemeko ekhethekileyo ebomini.
Ngokomzekelo, umcebisi ocebileyo, ocebileyo owayengumgcini-bhanki wabucala okwazi ukufunda ingxelo yemali engenayo kunye ne- balance sheet angathanda ukuqokelela imali engenamvuzo emithandathu engama- dividends, inzala kunye neendleko ezibangelwa ukuhlanganisa ngothando iqoqo le- blue-chip stocks , izibophelelo ezizibophezelekileyo, kunye neentambo zezakhiwo zorhwebo. Umqeshwa osemncinci angafuna ukuthenga ixabiso elincinci, elonahlukeneyo, eqokelelene neentlawulo zeentengiso ngokubakho kwenkxaso -mali yexabiso eliphantsi kwi-401 (k). Umntu ongumhlolokazi onobudlelwane bemarike yemasheya angafuna ukufumana iphothifoliyo yezindlu zokuqashisa imali-mali kunye neengxowa-mali ezongezelelweyo ezifakwe kwiziqinisekiso zesiphothi.
Akukho nanye kwezi zikhetho ezingalunganga okanye ezingcono kunabanye. Umbuzo kukuba ingaba iphothifoliyo, indlela, kunye nesakhiwo sokubamba siphezulu kakhulu nawuphi na umgomo ozama ukufezekisa.
3. Uya kufumana amaqela amaninzi ama-50 ahlahlela kwixabiso leMarike yakho kwiNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali.
Amaxabiso e-asethi ahlala eguqukayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuguquka kwezinto ezingenangqiqo (umzekelo, iibhola ze-tulip eHolland). Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuguquka kwezinto kubangelwa yimicimbi yeziphumo ze-macroeconomic. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphawulwa kwamanani kwiimali ezibanjelwe ngenxa yeebhanki zokutshala imali ephosakeleyo kwi-bankruptcy ekufuneka ihlawule yonke into enokuyenza ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka ukuba ikhulise imali nangona eyazi ukuba impahla iyinto engcolileyo. Ixabiso langaphandle libuye litshintshe ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye namanani ehla aze abuyele. Ngethuba nje iphothifoliyo oyenzile yakhiwe ngobuchule, kwaye i-holdings engundoqo ixhaswa ngamandla okwenene kunye neefayili zithengwe ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, uya kulungela ekugqibeleni.
Cinga ngemarike yempahla. Ukususela ngo-Apreli 1973 no-Oktobha 1974, iifaki zawa ngama-48 ekhulwini; phakathi kukaAgasti ka-1987 noDisemba 1987, ukuwa kwe-33.5%; ukususela ngoMatshi 2000 ukuya kuOktobha 2002, kwakuyi-49.1 ekhulwini; ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2007 ukuya kuMatshi 2009, ukuhla kwexabiso lentengo kwintliziyo 56.8 ekhulwini. Ukuba unomali-mali osisigxina onokuhlala ixesha elifanelekileyo, uya kufumana ezi ntlobo zamadonsa ngaphezu kweyodwa. Unokuze ubukele i-dollar yakho ye-500,000 yeepotfoliyo yehla kwi-$ 250,000 nangona izaliswe ngokukhuselekileyo, iimpahla ezininzi kunye nezibophelelo ezikhoyo. Zininzi iimpazamo zenziwe, kunye nemali elahlekileyo, ngokuzama ukuphepha ukuphepha.
4. Ubu bungqina buninzi, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye neCriststal ecacileyo: Uninzi lwawe luya kufikelela kwi-Real Real-Return Returns by Uhlawulela uMcebisi oQinisekile wokuSebenza kunye nawe ukuLawula iMicimbi yakho yezezeMali Nangona iyakwandisa iiRatios zakho zeendleko
Ngaphambi kokunyuka koqoqosho lwezolawulo, kwakukholelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi banengqiqo xa benza izigqibo zemali. Izifundo eziveliswe yimiba yezifundo, ezoqoqosho, kunye notyalo-mali kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo zibonise indlela okungahambi kakuhle ngayo le ngcamango into yokuba iinjongo zehlabathi zangempela kubatyalomali. Okubuhlungu kukuba, ngaphandle kokuba umntu enolwazi, amava, umdla, kunye nesimo sokungayihoxisi ukunyuka kweemarike, kubakho ukwenza izinto ezingenangqondo. Ezi mpazamo zibandakanya "ukusukela ukusebenza" (oko kukuthi, ukuphonsa imali kwizinto eziye zanda kwindleko). Omnye umzekelo uthengisa ngenye indlela ukubamba kwezinga eliphezulu kumaxabiso angamaxabiso angaphantsi kwexesha loxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho (umz., Ukuthengisa amasheya okusebenza kakuhle, amabhanki aqokelele ngemali xa behla iipesenti ezingama-80 kwixabiso leminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ngaphambi kokuphulukana kwiminyaka elandelayo).
Izwe elinoMnini
Elinye iphepha elidumileyo ngokubambisana ne-Morningstar giant Morningstar kubonise ukuba ngamaxesha apho i-market market ibuyele iipesenti ezithoba, iipesenti ezili-10, okanye i-11 ekhulwini; abaxhasi bemali babefumana iipesenti ezimbini, iipesenti ezintathu kunye neepesenti ezine. Kungenxa yokuba abatyali-mali babengazi ukuba benzani. Babesoloko bethenga kwaye bathengisa kwaye bahamba bevela kule ngxowa-mali ukuya kuleyo ngxowa-mali, bengayisebenzisi inzuzo yezicwangciso zerhafu ezicetywayo ngelixa besenza ezinye iziphene. Oku kwakhokelela kwisiphumo esifanelekileyo. Abatyalomali abahlawula umcebisi ngeengcebiso ezifanelekileyo ukuba omnye umntu enze umsebenzi owenzela wona (kubandakanye ukubamba izandla kunye nobunzima bezobugcisa), iziphumo ezingcono kakhulu zehlabathi, nangona kufuneka uhlawule ngaphezulu.
Ngamanye amazwi, i-classical economics yayingalunganga, kubandakanye nabanye ababingeleli abakhulu be-investment-cost-low, ezifana noqoqosho uJohn Bogle owasungula iVanguard. Kubonakala ukuba ukubuyiswa komtyalomali kwakungekho umphumo wembuyekezo ephezulu ngaphandle kweezindleko zabacebisi ngezezimali kunye nabacebisi bezezimali ababhalisweyo bathabatha ixabiso. Kunoko, abacebisi bafumana iifizi zabo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngenxa yokuba umtyalo-mali oqhelekileyo unokugqitywa ngokubuyisa imali ephezulu kuba umcebisi wabamba isandla sakhe waza watshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Ukungaqondakali komntu kwakuthetha ukuba ukugqibelela kwezinto eziyimfundiso kwakubonakele.
Kutheni iVanguard yenza iNgqiqo
Kwimali-mboleko, ishishini likaBogle, iVanguard, liye lavuma ukuba le nyaniso, nangona ekhulile ngendlela engazange ibonwe. Inkampani eyaziwayo, ephantsi kweendleko zee- asethi ine-one-thirds yemali phantsi kolawulo lwayo kwiimali ezilawulwa ngokunyanisekileyo kunye neyesibini eziseleyo kwiimali zenkcazo. Olu hlobo lokugqibela luyaziwa ngokuhlawula phakathi kwama-0.05 eepesenti kunye neepesenti ezi-1 zamaxabiso ngonyaka. Abanye babo baneengxaki zabo (ezingekho iphoso likaVanguard) ezifana neenguqu zendlela yokuthula ezenza ukuba ukusebenza kwangaphambili kungabi nako ukuphinda kuphinde kuphinde kube neentlungu ezibangelwa yimali ehlanganisiweyo kodwa ngokubanzi, ziphakathi kweyona nto ibalulekileyo kumashishini. Kwimfundiso, kufuneka kube lula ngomntu ozimisele ukujongana neentengiso-mali ukuzithenga ngokuthe rhoqo kwaye ahlale kwikota yomsebenzi wonke kude kube ngumhlalaphantsi.
Ukubona indlela abantu abangenakukwazi ukutshala imali bebehlala "ekuqhubeni ikhosi," iVanguard iqalise inkonzo yayo yokucebisa eya kulawula iipotifoliyo zabaxumi beeVanguard ngokutshintshana ngee-0.30 zeepesenti ngonyaka ngonyaka ngaphezulu kweendleko zezimali eziphantsi. Oko kuthetha ukuba, kuxhomekeka kwinqununu ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo, iirhafu ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iinqanaba zinokungena naphi phakathi kwe-0.35 yepesenti kunye ne-1.26 ekhulwini. (Nangona i-akhawunti ye-akhawunti ye- fund ihlukeneyo ehlukeneyo, kunye neentlawulo ezifanelekileyo kwi-500,000 ye-trust ye-$ 000,000 ngonyaka.) Ngokwezipapasho zikaVanguard, i-firm estimates this can lead to a 3% kwizinga langempela lokwenyanisa ihlabathi elithandwayo ngumtyalomali, ngesahlulo saloo nto inokubangela ukuba umntu abe ngumqeqeshi womzwelo ngexesha lezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezemali. Iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-10, yama-25, okanye iminyaka engama-50+, eyona nto iyingcambu yobutyebi obutyebi, nangona iimali eziphakamileyo ezithathayo "ezithatha" amawaka ezinkulungwane zeedola ezilahlekileyo ezihlanganisiweyo (oko kukuthi, ubutyebi beengcinga ezingenakuze ziphathwe ngenxa yomqhubi mpazamo).
5. Izitatimende zerhafu kunye nokuKhusela iAsset zingenza umlinganiselo omkhulu kwiNgeniso yakho, ixabiso elifanelekileyo, kunye nekhono lokuhlawula iibhilidi
Kungangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba umnini-zimali ofanayo, kunye nokugcina okufanayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla, kunye neefolthifoliyo ezifanayo kunye nezitokethi , izibophelelo , iimali eziphathekayo , i- estate , kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso, ukugqiba ngeemali ezahlukileyo ezahlukahlukeneyo zengcebo kuxhomekeka malunga nendlela ayenze ngayo i-holdings . Ukusuka kwiindlela ezilula ezifana nokufakwa kweefayili kunye nokusebenzisa i- Roth IRA okanye i-Roth IRA kwiingcamango eziphambili ezifana nokusebenzisa ubambiswano oluthile lwabazali olusisiseko sokunciphisa intela yesipho, kuyafaneleka ixesha, imizamo kunye neengxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyaqonda imithetho, imimiselo kunye nemithetho kwaye uyisebenzise ukuze ufumane inzuzo enkulu.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unobungxininiso obunzima bezemali, kungenokuba yiphutha elibi ukuhlawula iibhokhwe ngemali kwisicwangciso sakho somhlalaphantsi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimiba ye-akhawunti, unokufumana ilungelo lokukhusela i-bankruptcy engenamkhawulo kwiimpahla ezikhuselekileyo. Ukubonisana nommeli webhanki kufuneka kube yikhosi yokuqala yezenzo. Igosa lingase likucebise ukuba uvakalise i-bankruptcy kwaye uqale. Unokugqiba ukuhamba ngaphandle kwegqeba kunye neyona nto, okanye yonke into, isicwangciso sakho sempahla yomhlalaphantsi esilungileyo, sihlanganise inzala kuwe njengoko iphepha igalelo, inzala kunye neendleko.
6. Kukho iindlela ezintathu kuphela zokufumana iiAfa zePortfolio yakho
Kukho iindlela ezintathu kuphela umtyalo-mali angathatha ukuze athenge ipahla. Ezi ziquka:
- Ukuthengwa kweNkqubo: Ukuthenga rhoqo okanye ukuthengisa iqoqo leempahla ngexesha elide kungakhathaliseki ukulinganiswa nethemba lokuba ixesha liya kulinganisa amaxesha amahle kunye namaxesha amabi. Lo ngu "umTyalo-mali oPhezulu" kumsebenzi kaBenjamin Graham kwaye wenza abantu abaninzi banotyebi. Le ndlela yenzelwe abantu ngabanye abangafuni ukucinga malunga neepotfoliyo zabo. Esikhundleni salokho, bavumela ukuhlukahluka, iindleko eziphantsi, ubunini bexesha elide, kunye nexesha benza yonke imisebenzi.
- Uhlalutyo: Ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ngokusekelwe kwintengo ehambelana nexabiso elilinganisiweyo lokungqinelana kwangaphakathi kwenkampani. Oku kufuna ulwazi olunzulu lwezinto zonke ukusuka kwishishini kunye nokuphendula kwizimali kunye nezoqoqosho. Kufuneka ukuba uhlalutye impahla njengokuba ungumthengi wangasese. Abantu abaninzi baye bakhula bebutyebi ngale ndlela. Lo ngu "umTyalo-mali oThethayo" kumsebenzi kaBenjamin Graham; umntu ofuna ukulawula umngcipheko, ujonge umgama wokhuseleko kwaye uyazi ukuba kukho into ethile (oko kukuthi, imali engenayo kunye neefayili ezaneleyo ezinxulumene nentengo ehlawulwayo) ngasinye kwisithuba ngasinye kwipotfoliyo yabo. ukulala ebusuku ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ukuba eli lizwe liza kuhlaselwa elinye i-crash 1929-1933 okanye 1973-1974. Enyanisweni, yonke inkqubo yezemali ihlala kule ndlela kuba amanani angaphambukela kwizinto ezibonakalayo phantsi kwexesha elide. Phantse bonke abatyali-mpahla abaphezulu abaphethe iirekhodi ezide zexesha elide bangena kule nkampu, kubandakanye nalabo abaye baba ngabavakalisi kwindlela yokuqala. Oku kubandakanywa nomsunguli weVanguard uJohn Bogle, owathula ngokuzenzekelayo ipesenteji enkulu yokubambisana kwakhe ngexesha le-dot-com boom ngenxa yokuba iimvuzo ezivunayo kwiisitokhi ezisezantsi zazixhamla kwisivuno esitholakalayo kwiimbopheleleko zeeNondyebo ngelo xesha.
- Ixesha leMakethe: Ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ngokusekelwe kwinto ocinga ukuba i-market market okanye uqoqosho oluya kuyenza kwikamva elibonakalayo. Ixesha leemarike yindlela yokucamngca kwaye ngelixa abantu abambalwa baye batyebile, akuzinzileyo.
Ukuba ungumgcini, bambelela kwindlela yokuqala. Ukuba uyingcali, bambelela kwindlela yesibini. Nangona ithengisa kakuhle, nabani na abanengqiqo efanayo mabaphephe indlela yesithathu.