Imingcipheko enxulumene neeNgxowa-mboleko eziMiselweyo kunye neeNgxowa-mali
Ziziphi iimfuno zeMimiselo ebalulekileyo?
Izibophelelo ezizibopheleleko, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-GO, zibophezelekileyo zixhaswe "ukholo olupheleleyo kunye nekhredithi" yomniki-mali, ngaphandle kwiprojekthi ethile echongiweyo njengomthombo wemali.
Ngamanye amagama, umrhumo kamasipala unokukwenza inzala kunye nenkokhelo enqununu isebenzise nayiphina imithombo yengeniso efumanekayo kubo, njengemali yentlawulo, irhafu, okanye ukukhutshwa kwamasheya amatsha. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umasipala uhlangabezana nobunzima bezemali, unokunyusa iirhafu ukwenzela ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli. I-GO ibonwa nje ngokukhuselekileyo , kwaye ukungafezeki kuyabonakala.
Kuncinci ukuba urhulumente kamasipala uya kubhekana nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali kunokuba iphrojekthi ethile kamasipala ihluleke ukuvelisa imali engenayo. Abatyalomali banokuthenga izibophelelo ezizibopheleleyo ngokubanzi, kodwa kukho imali edibeneyo kunye neengxowa-mali ezithengiselanayo (ETFs) ezizodwa ngokubambisana nokugcinwa kweemfanelo, phakathi kwazo iVanguard ye-Tax-Exempt Bond ETF (uphawu lwe-VTEB), i-index ye-bond ye-bond khu seleko. Ukutshala imali kwi-fund ye-bond ye-bond okanye i-ETF inikeza idideji yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezingafumaneki kubo bonke kodwa abatshali-mali abacebileyo.
Ziziphi Iimali Ezixhaswayo?
Izibophelelo zentlawulo zibophelelwane ezixhaswa yinkokhelo eyenziwe yiprojekthi ethile exhaswa yi-bond bond. Ngamanye amazwi, imali ephakanyiswe ngumnikelo wokubambisa ixhasa iprojekthi, kwaye iphrojekthi - xa ithe yazaliswa-ivelise imali ehlawulwayo yokuhlawula inzala kunye nenqununu kwiibhondi.
Iiprojekthi zingabandakanya izibhedlele, ii-airports, iindlela zeendlela, iiprojekthi zezindlu, amaziko eendibano, amabhuloho kunye nemigudu efanayo. Izibophelelo zentlawulo ngokubanzi ziphezulu kuba mngcipheko kunezibophelelo ezibopheleleyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, zinika izivuno eziphezulu.
Kwinqanaba lentlawulo yeengxowa-mali, kukho " iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo " ezibophelelweyo zentlawulo, ezibandakanya iiprojekthi ezihambelana namanzi, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye neenkqubo zombane. Ekubeni imali evela kule projekthi ibonakala iyinokuthenjwa, iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo zengeniso zengeniso zibonwa njengengozi ephantsi kunezibophelelo ezixhaswe ngemali evela kwiingcali ezingezizo. Oku kubona ingozi ephantsi ibonakaliswe kwimbuyekezo encinci yeebhondi zeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nembuyekezo yezinye izibophelelo zengeniso.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abaphathi beefama abanamabhanki amaninzi baya kutyalomla ngokudibanisa nokubophelelana ngokubanzi kunye neengxowa-mali. Iincwadi ezinikezelwa yinkampani yeengxowa-mali ziza kunika ingcamango yendlela ethile imali etsalwa ngayo.
Ezinye iintlobo zeeMali zeMasipala
Ingeniso kunye nezibophelelo zoxanduva oluqhelekileyo akulona uhlobo olulodwa lovimba bamaspala. Abatyalomali banokukhetha ukusuka:
- Amanqaku okulindela , apho oomasipala abanokubambisana kunye nexesha elifutshane banokunikela ngokulindela umrhumo omkhulu, odelele ixesha elide le projekthi, ekhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwiprojekthi yophuhliso.
- Izibophelelo ezibuyiselwe ngaphambili . Igama elithi "ukubuyiselwa kwangaphambili" libhekisela kwizibophelelo ezikhawulezayo ezihlawulwe ngokukhawuleza ngokukhutshwa kwesinye isibophelelo somhlalaphansi esingaphantsi komhla wokubanjelwa kwesibhambathiso sokuqala. Kuze kube ngumhla woqhagamshelwano lwebhondi lokuqala, iifom ezivela kwi-bond bond entsha zigcinwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zityalwe kwiiNondyebo ze-US. Ngaloo ndlela, izibophelelo ezibuyiselwe kwangaphambili zimela umngcipheko ophantsi kubatyalomali abanjengo mngcipheko weeNkcukacha zeNondyebo ngelixa beqhubeka benika inzuzo engenanto yentlawulo yomasipala.
- Izibophelelo zee-insured , kaninzi ezo zikhutshwe ngabomasipala abancinci, abaqinisekisiwe ngumntu wesithathu. Inkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo iquka umgcini-mgcini wesithathu ekuthengeni konke ukukhutshwa kwebhanki, ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuqinisekiswa koko, ukukhupha izibophelelo eziqinisekisiwe kubatyalomali. Ngenxa yesiqinisekiso, banikezela inzala engaphantsi kweminye, izibophelelo ezifanayo ezingaxhaswanga.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga neentlobo zamabhondi kamasipala, funda iindidi zeeMali zeMasipala .
Ngemali ayinikezeli irhafu, utyalo-mali, iinkonzo zemali kunye neengcebiso. Ulwazi lwenziwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iinjongo zotyalo-mali, ukunyamezela ngengozi okanye imeko zezimali kwanoma yimuphi umtyalo-mali othile kwaye angenakufaneleka kubo bonke abatyalo-mali. Ukusebenza kwangaphambili akubonakali kweziphumo ezizayo. Utyalo-mali luquka ubungozi kubandakanya ukulahlekelwa kwinqununu.