Naphezu kokuba Ukhetho olukhulu kubaTyalo-mali abaninzi, iiNgxowa-mali zeeNgxelo azifezekanga
Kwiminyaka endibhala ngayo malunga nokutyalomali, ndiphindaphindiwe ngokukhawuleza ekhaya ukuba ubungqina bezemfundo bucacile ngokucacileyo: Kuba umtyalo-mali oqhelekileyo, ingakumbi abo abatsha ukutshala imali kuyo nayiphi na ingaphaya kwezatifikethi zokupaka, Indlela yokwakha isityebi ngokusebenzisa amashishini kukulandela ifomula elula, nakanjani, ngokusebenzisa iibhola kunye neebhasi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuchasana:
- Utyalo-mali kwiinkcukacha zenkxaso-mali ezinamaxabiso angaphantsi- mali , unikezela ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo , kwaye unomvuzo ophantsi
- Ziqhelise i- dollar iindleko zokulinganisela ukuze usebenzise amaxabiso emarike ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
- Ukuba unako ukukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwe-forego, i-compound imali eninzi ngokubuyisela izabelo zakho
- Sebenzisa amacebo kunye neendawo zokukhusela, kuquka ukufakwa kwefa okanye ukubeka i-asethi.
Enye yemibuzo eqhelekileyo ndiyifumana ebantwini kukuba, "Kutheni umntu angenakutyala imali ngemali yenkcazo ukuba inkulu kangaka?". Ukuqonda izizathu, kufuneka uqonde ukuba kukho, ngokukodwa, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentengiso-mali:
- Abo baqhotyoshelweyo kuba baqonda iingenelo, kwaye bayayithanda naphezu kobunqongophala beempawu kunye neziphene ngenxa yokulula, uxolo lwengqondo, ukungabikho kwezindlela ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nokukhetha inkxaso- mali phakathi kwe- 401 (k) isicwangciso ) , okanye ukuphazamiseka kokuhlalutya iziqinisekiso zobuntu.
- Abo bangacingi kakhulu ngento kunye nesicatshulwa kuba yiloo nto abayiva ngayo kufuneka uyenze.
- Labo abanomdla wokuzibandakanya kunye nabo, bebambelela ekuboniseni ngendlela efanayo nabaFarisi bamandulo ababehambisana nomthetho, babe "neendlela zokuhlonela uThixo kodwa baphika amandla awo". Bayazi imisebenzi yokucwangcisa, imfuno yokuba wonke umntu atyekise, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo akayiqondi i-mechanics engundoqo okanye izizathu ezisebenzayo nakuba zikholelwa ukuba ziyingcali.
Iqela lokuqala libandakanya amadoda afana noJack Bogle, umgcini wongqongqo weengxowa-mali zophando kunye nomsunguli weVanguard. Ndiye ndincoma iincwadi zakhe ezidlulileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye ndathetha malunga nendlela endiyithanda ngayo zombini umsebenzi, umyalezo wakhe, kunye nenkonzo yakhe yokwenza ihlabathi libe yindawo engcono kakhulu, ibe yinto enhle kakhulu kubatyalimi abancinci.
Ubomi bakhe buhlala ubomi. Izigidi zabathathe umhlala-phantsi zifuna ukuphumelela kwezemali kwizinto ezintsha kunye nomsebenzi kwaye ndicinga ukuba baninzi abantu ehlabathini abangayithobeli iingcebiso zakhe kwaye banokufumana iziphumo ezininzi xa zithatha iincwadi zakhe ngentliziyo.
I-Bogle isingqiqweni ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye, ngokwenene, ingcali. Wazama ukufumana indlela engcono yokutyalo-mali kwaye wafumanisa iimpawu ezithile, ezidibeneyo, ezikhokelela kwiziphumo eziphakamileyo zeziphumo ezide zexesha elide. Ezi ziquka izinto ezifana:
- Ingeniso ephantsi yokugcina iindleko ezifana neekomishoni, iimali zokutshintshiselana, impembelelo yemarike, kunye ne-bid / yokubuza isasazeka ubuncinci
- Imali encinci kwiimali zokulawula ezingekhoyo, ngoko ke imali engakumbi yomeli-mali ityunjwa
- Ulwahlulo olubanzi olubanzi ukuze kungabikho nkampani okanye icandelo ngalinye elilawula iphothifoliyo
- Ukubambelela kwefomula kwipatheni yeminikelo eqhelekileyo enefuthe lokulinganisela ukuphakama kweemarike kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu ucinga ukuba uya kunyuka okanye wehla kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ezizayo
- Inkolelo enamandla ekukhuliseni ukusebenza kwerhafu xa kunokwenzeka, kubandakanywa ukusebenzisa intela yeerhafu kunye neendawo zokukhusela zentela ezifana ne- SEP-IRA , ukuze unike umzekelo omnye
Inkcazo yeengxowa-mali, enye yezinto ezininzi zeBogle kwilizwe, yindlela yakhe echanekileyo yokubambisa loo mandla kumtyalo-mali.
Kwakungekho nto imilingo ebonakalayo malunga nenkcazo yesikhwama ngokwawo - yinto nje yokuxhasa imali eyithengileyo esekelwe kwimimiselo ye-pre-determined, ngaphandle kweemeko zemarike-ngaphandle kokuba isuswe isidingo somgwebi-ntengiso weentengiso ngokubhekiselele ekukhetheni ngabanini. Kwakhona kwasebenza njengengqamaniso yengqondo phakathi kwabatyalo-zimali abaninzi, abaninzi babo babeza kukhululeka ekungeneni kwabo emva kokubona izabelo zeGoogle okanye i-Procter neGamble ziwela ngo-30%. (Kuyatshitshisa kodwa abantu abaninzi abanemali yenkcazo kubonakala bengaboni kakuhle iinkampani ezibazo kwi- fund index - ukuba niyathandabuza, hambani nicela umntu ngomvuzo wabo kwi-S & kunjalo, ezi zi-20 zokugcina iimpahla, kwaye ezo zi-20 zokugcina iimpahla zimelela malunga ne-30% yeempahla zabo!)
Enye inzuzo yenkcazo yesikhwama kukuba, ngenxa yokuba ayifuni isigwebo, kwakungekho mfuneko ukuhlawula umntu ukuba asebenze imali. (Kwimeko ezininzi, imali ephathekayo ephathekayo yenza ngokuthelekiswa kakuhle kunye neenkcukacha zenkxaso-mali, ewela emva nje kuphela xa ubhala kwiimali ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlawulela abaphathi beepotfoliyo.)
Abanini-zimali abaninzi abaphumeleleyo kulo lonke iimbali baye bakhela ubutyebi obuninzi basebenzise imigaqo efana neyoBbolo ebonayo ngophando lwakhe ngenye indlela. , i- estate , okanye amabhondi . Aba bantu abangekho abathengisi bempahla . Abayikutshutshisa isabelo esitshisayo, esiphila njenge-stereotypes ngaphandle kwe-movie evela kuma-1980. Ziyi- Anne Scheibers zehlabathi, ezishiya emva kwezigidi ezingama-22 zezigidi. Ziyi-Jack MacDonald zehlabathi, ezishiya emva kwezigidi eziyi-188 yezigidi. Aba ngaba abalimi bezobisi behlabathi abanamanani asixhenxe abalinganiswayo abagcina ubutyebi babo kuba yimfihlo kubantwana babo. Aba nguWilliam Ruanes wehlabathi; uCharlie Ungers wehlabathi.
Abantu abafana nale bachithe iminyaka behlanganisa iphothifoliyo yeenkampani apho babephethe ubunini bebunikazi, baphatha ama-stocks asesidlangalaleni njengoko babeza kwenza nayiphi na impahla efumanekayo kwintsapho yabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, aba batyali-mali bathe bafundiswe kakuhle, batyebileyo, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuzithengisa ngokwabo, bengathandabuzi ukuqala ishishini ukuba babone ithuba lokufumana imali. (Kukho konke okungafaniyo.) Imbali ifumene uninzi lwabafundisi besikolo, i-janitors kunye ne-plumbers abawela kuloluhlu emva kokuhlakulela uthando olunomdla lwezemali olubenza ukuba baqonde ukuqonda kwezinga le-MBA kunye nephepha lokulinganisela kunye / okanye ukunyamekela ukuthenga rhoqo umnini-mhlaba kwi-nkampani enkulu abayayiqondayo.)
Ngoluhlobo lwabasomali abanesakhono abasebenzisa izibonelelo ezifanayo kunye neengxowa-mali ezibonelelwa ngaphandle kwenkcazo yemali yenkcazo, ukuthenga ingxowa-mali yenkcazo njengokuba kunjalo, kwaye ingenangqiqo yezizathu ezininzi.
1. Umtyalo-mali osisigxina akanakufuna ukuthenga iNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali kuba yena okanye akafuni ukuthenga iiAset
Njengoko ndacacisa kanye ngeblog yami, cinga ukuba unyaka ka-2001. Ngelo xesha, unokubeka imali yakho kwiminyaka engama-30 yobubambiso boNondyebo, uxhaswe ngumbuso olawulayo wokurhoxisa urhulumente wase-United States, kwaye ufumane u-5.46% ngemali yakho ngonyaka. Akukho mngcipheko wokungagqibekanga, nawuphi na umtyalomali ocebileyo uya kufuna ubuncinane ubuncinane 5.46% + yengozi yeprayimum engumngcipheko + ukuguqulwa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukulungiselela ukunikela into ekubhekiselwe kuyo (ekufundiseni) ukuba ityalo-mali olukhuselekileyo kwihlabathi. Oko kwakuthetha izinga lokuphazamiseka kwe-11.5%, emva kokuhlawulela ukukhula, ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa ngemali enye i-asethi.
Ngeli xesha, iWal-Mart Stores, Inc. yayithengisa i-$ 58.75 ngesabelo ngasinye. Yayifumana i-1.49 yeerhafu nganye kwisabelo emva kwentela. Oko kuthetha ukuba umtyalomali "uthengi" ukufumana isivuno semali engama-2.54% emva kwentela, kwaye oko akuzange kubandakanye irhafu yentlawulo eya kuhlawulwa kwi-Federal, kurhulumente, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente wengingqi ube nemvuzo sasazwa kubanikazi! Ukulinganisa okunjalo okungenangqondo kwakuya kuba nengqiqo ukuba iWal-Mart yayiqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezizweni lonke kodwa le nto yayisisigxina esithengisa kakhulu kwiPlanethi ngelo xesha. Abanikazi bebonke kodwa baqinisekisiwe ukuba bafumane i-2.54% kuphela yezinga lokukhula kwiingeniso, zilungelelaniswe ngenguqu kwixabiso lokulinganisela (uBogle ibhekisela kule nto njengento "yokubuyisela okucetywayo"). Ngaphandle kokunandipha ukubuyiswa okulungileyo, kwanokuba ukuhambisana nexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso laliza kubonakala kunzima.
Ngaphantsi kwemeko ingaba ishishini elinobuqili okanye umfazi weshishini onemvelaphi efuna ukuthenga izabelo zeWal-Mart ngelo xesha, ngeli xabiso. Oku kwakungekho nto enokuyenza ngexesha leemarike - wayengenakwenza isibikezelo malunga nokuba impahla ye-Wal-Mart yayiya phezulu okanye iyancipha ngomso, ngeveki ezayo, okanye nangomnyaka olandelayo ngenxa yokuba izinto ezinjalo azikwazi ukuqonda - zisekelwe kuphela iimathematika zobunini-bucala ngeendlela ezininzi ezifana nendlela i-restauranteur inquma ngayo ukuba ufuna ukubeka umngcipheko ngemali yakhe yokuvula enye indawo yokutyela kwindawo ethile okanye umtyalo-zimali-mhlaba unquma ukuba kufuneka azuze isakhiwo ngentengo ethile esekelwe kwikamva elizayo irenti.
Isalathisi seengxowa-mali, okwangoku, yayiza kubona amanqaku eepesenti zeengxelo zeentengo zeengxowa-mali ezinikezwa kwiiWal-Mart. Kuba ngumqeshwa oqhelekileyo ongenakho imvelaphi yokubala, okanye umntu ongenakuthathalela kangako njengoko awujongayo uya kusebenza ngexesha elide, oko kulungile. Ngoba? Ngethuba elaneleyo, idola libiza imali ephezulu, izabelo ezibuyiswayo kunye neendawo zokukhusela zerhafu, kufuneka ziphele ngokufanelekileyo njengamaxabiso angenasiphelo ekupheleni kwiphepha zenziwe ngenxa yokudandatheka kwintsimbi ngexesha lokuwa. Ukufumana umnikazi wezityalo eziphumelelayo kunye nexabiso elingu-miliyoni yezigidi ezilinganiselwayo, ohlalutya imali yonke ixesha, okanye ugqwetha weerhafu okhululekileyo ukwenza izilungiso kwi-GAAP nokugqiba imali enoba i-enterprise iyayifumana ngokwenene, ayifuni ngokupheleleyo.
Ngaba abo batyali-mali abanolwazi kufuneka bazenze bangabi nazi? Ngaba kufuneka bazimisele ukuthenga i-asethi abanqwenela ukuba neyabo ngemali abayicinga ukuba bayisilumko (kwaye abanakuze bahlawule ibhizinisi labucala) ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu uthi kufanelekile? Ngaba kufuneka bahlawule umlinganiselo weendleko eziqhubekayo kunye nentlawulo- mali nangona ityala elingaphantsi kweendleko ayingekho - ukubamba loo mali? Kwiqela lesithathu labatyali-mali beengxowa-mali-i-ideologically-obsessed - impendulo abayifunayo, malunga nayo yonke ingqiqo kunye nengqiqo efanelekileyo, ngu "ewe". Ngenxa yokuba abaninzi babo abazi ukuba yintoni inkcazo yeengxowa-mali ngokwenene, bayamelana nayo ngenzondelelo eyenza inkolo yexesha elide iqhayisa, ibonise uhlobo lokunciphisa ukunyusa; izimpendulo ze-whirlri ngaphandle kokucinga.
Oku akuyona into embi. Ngokunyanisekileyo, abatyali-mali abaxhamlileyo kufuneka bakhuthaze lo mkhuba kuba uhlobo lomntu onokuthi anike loo nto yephutha ngenxa yokungabi nalucalulo ngumntu ofanayo ofuna ukutsalathisa kakhulu. Yenza le ngxaki apho ukuzama ukuwazisa ngokungaqondakali kwabo bomsebenzi weBogle kunye neemathematika ezibandakanyekayo kubangelwa ukuba babangele umonakalo omkhulu wemali. (Ngenxa yezulu, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeengxabano zeBogle ihlala phezu kweendleko eziphezulu kunezolawulo eziqhelekileyo, akukho nanye echaphazelekayo kubanini-mali abanokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo zabo zokwabiwa, abo abazondayo abanakho ukuvuma!) Kunoko, kufuneka bakhuthazwa kwaye ukholo lwabo ekubhaliweyo luqinisiwe.
Nesi sizathu sokuba, mna, ndiphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ndivela kuyo yonke ipulpiti enayo: Ukuba awukwazi oko ukwenzayo, thenga inkcazo yengxowa-mali. Ukuba uyayazi into oyenzayo kodwa awufuni ukuxhatshazwa, zithenga i-index index. Ukuba ufanele uphendule into oyenzayo, thengisa i-index index.
2. Umtyalo-mali osisigxina Angenakufuna ukuthenga iNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali ngenxa yokuba yena okanye akayi kufuna ukuboniswa kwiindawo ezithile zoQoqosho ukuya kwiindawo zakhe eziseleyo
Amashishini amabini amashishini abucala aquka ubuninzi beetheknoloji. Ukuba bekukho uhlaselo lwe-cyber kwi-United States, okanye enye into eyoyikrakra eyabetha iziseko zee-telecommunications, ukuhamba kwemali kungekudala, mhlawumbi kwiiveki okanye kwinyanga. Ukuhlukana kude nokuba kunjalo, mna, ndingafuni ukuba neenkampani ezininzi zeteknoloji, zonke ezo ziza kuba zikhuni njengokuba zinzima phantsi kweemeko ezimbi. Ukususela kwiinkampani zethu ukuya kwiakhawunti yethu yomhlalaphantsi, kwiakhawunti yokugcina isipho esiya kwizizukulwana zentsapho, kwaye mna nomyeni wam noyena mkhuba wokulayisha kwi-software okanye kwiifowuni ze-hardware. Kukho umngcipheko omkhulu . Imeko yethu yodwa ihluke kakhulu kwintsapho ephakathi. Oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kubelwa ubutyebi bethu. Akukho bukhulu bomntu obukhulu-xa lufika ekulawuleni imali.
Ngenxa yoko, iphothifoliyo yethu iqulethe phantse amafemu e-tech. Nangona oku kuthetha ukuba siza kuhlanganiswa kwisilinganiselo esezantsi (ngokuqinisekileyo asizange sisebenze ngaloo ndlela kwimizuzu emibini edluleyo, kodwa ngenxa yengxabano, masithi kusenzeke), sisenokukhetha ziziphatha ngendlela enjalo kuba ivumela ukuba silale ngcono ebusuku. Ukuba ndifumene iteknoloji ethile enomdla ondibathandayo, ndingayithengela izabelo, kodwa kuya kuba yinto ehlukile kumgaqo.
Olu lulawulo lokubeka ingozi ebalulekileyo; into omele ufunde ukuyenza xa ifa lakho lifikelela kwisayizi ethile ukuba ufuna ukuphepha ukuvuka ukuze ufumane intsapho yakho yonakaliswe. Mhlawumbi ndifunda ezininzi iincwadi zesikolo zikaCharles Dickens okanye iJane Austen esikolweni kodwa asikho uhlobo lwesiphumo esisodwa. Njengoko ilizwi lisithi, "ufanele uzuze kuphela". Emva kokuba unesiseko esiluncedo sokwakha, ukukhusela kubaluleke ngaphezu kwezinga elipheleleyo lokubuyisela oyifumanayo kwiimpahla zakho.
3. Umtyalo-mali osisigxina akanakunqwenela ukuthenga iNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali kuba yena okanye ufuna ukulungiswa kweRhafu
Makhe sicinge ukuba ufuna ukulinganisa i-S & P 500 okanye i- Dow Jones Industrial Industrial . Esikhundleni sokuthenga i-fund fund kuqhutywe kwi-index index, nabani na iphothifoliyo ephakamileyo ngokukhawuleza banokwakha ngokukhawuleza i-index ngokuzithengisa ngokwabelana ngeefowuni ezisezantsi zesitokethi esenza isalathisi. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba ubuchule bokuvunwa kweerhafu eziphambili, ukugcina imali ephakamileyo kwi-pocket yakho kuza ngo-Apreli 15 xa iindleko ze-IRS zifanelekile.
UJohn Bogle ngokwakhe uchaza oku kwiincwadi zakhe ngokubhekiselele ekubhaliweyo, ukubhala, "Ukubamba isitokethi ngasinye kwixesha elide kungekhona nje ukuba luzilumko, kodwa kube lukhulu kakhulu lwentela". Ndake ndinike i-portfolio imodeli yento ekhangeleka ngayo kwihlabathi langempela ngokusebenzisa i-DJIA njengethemplate.
4. Umtyalo-mali osisigxina angeke afane neNkqubo yeeNkcazo ezinkulu
Xa uthengisa inkcazo yeengxowa-mali, uphumelela ukucinga kwakho komnye umntu. Kwimeko ye-Dow Jones Umyinge weMveliso, ibhodi yokuhlela ye -Wall Street Journal , enquma iinqununu kwi-index yezona ndawo ezidumileyo. Kwimeko ye-S & P 500, ngabanye abatyali-mali ababeka amanani ama-stocks eziqhelekileyo ngokuthenga okanye ukuzithengisa ngokuthe ngqo, ukugqiba ixabiso lemarike kwenkampani nganye. Zomibini zibandakanya isigwebo somntu, kungekhona eyakho.
Yintoni eyenza le nto ingathethekiyo kubanini-mali abatyhafileyo kukuba i-index index ebeka kwi-market capital (umz., I-S & P 500) ihlelwe ngendlela eyisidenge. Kuthetha ukuba uthenge amanye amasheya esitokisini esithile njengoko ixabiso libiza kakhulu, kwaye uthengise izabelo njengoko zithenga ngaphantsi; ukuthenga ngokoqobo nokuthengisa okuphantsi, okanye okuchasene ngqo nendlela umntu afanele ukuqhuba ngayo yakhe imicimbi yokutyalomali. Ngelishwa, yindlela eyenzekayo kuphela kuba i-asethi ezityalwe kwiimali zenkcazo zikhulu kangaka, yenza ukuba ukulinganisa okusemgangathweni okanye okulinganayo kungenzeki. Akukho ndlela iVanguard inokuba nayo i-S & P 500 yexabiso leengxowa-mali kunye ne-asethi yayo yangoku. Akunakwenzeka. Umtyalo-mali osisigxina angazakhela ngqo, nangona kunjalo.
Kukho izizathu eziliqela ze-Investor Abasebenzi abaSebenzayo abanokusebenzisa i-Index Index
Kukho ezininzi iimeko, izizathu, okanye iimeko apho umtyalo-mali osisigxina angahle aphendule imali. Kwezinye iimeko, unokuba ngumngcipheko omkhulu ekuqondeni icandelo elithile. Ngokomzekelo, ibhanki elungileyo lingakwazi ukuvavanya amasheya eebhanki ngamnye, kwaye ukhethe utyalo-mali ngokuchanekileyo kwishishini lakhe, kodwa unganalo indlela yokuhlalutya iinkampani zamachiza. Kwimeko enje, ukuthenga i-fund index yexabiso eliphantsi kweendleko kungahle kube yinkqubo yobulumko kunazo zonke.
Kwamanye amaxesha, angenakufuna ukujongana neemali ezininzi, iimaphepha, okanye imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokubalwa kwemali evela kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Ngenye imini, umntu othile kwiblogi yam ebhaliweyo malunga nendlela athenge ngayo izabelo ezininzi zeVanguard FTSE Europe ETF (uphawu lwe-ticker VGK). Ukuba ummi waseMelika uzama ukufumana izandla zakhe kwizabelo zezinye zeenkampani ezinkulu zeYurophu, enye yezona zikhokelo zengxelo ezigqwesileyo ngaphandle. Ngokuthenga okunye, uthengela ibhasikidi yempahla ye-blue chip ukusuka kulo lonke ulwandle, kuquka amagama angaqhelekanga afana neNestle, i-Novartis, i-Royal Dutch Shell, i-BP kunye ne-Total. Ukuba ndiza kuthenga i-fund index yaseYurophu ngokuchasene nokuxabisa kunye nokuthenga iinkampani eziza kubakho ubunini bexesha elide, kuya kuba phezulu kwoluhlu lwam.
Umtyalo-mali osisigxina angafuna ukukhathazeka malunga nosapho emva kokufa kwakhe. UWarren Buffett ngokwakhe uthe ekugqibeleni kwakhe, umfazi uya kushiywa eninzi yemali yakhe engenayo imali engama-90% kwi-S & P 500 yeengxowa-mali kunye ne-10% yemali nangona kunjalo ekubeni ebomini bakhe, uthe akazange abe ngumntu omnye ngxowa-mali.
Akukho nanye kule nto ishintsha into yokuba i-index index ihlala yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuba abantu abaninzi bathathe inzuzo yobunini bezobulungisa, ingakumbi ukuba abanomdla okanye abanako ukuvavanya amashishini abo afuna ukuwafumana. Ngaphandle koko, akukho nto yokumisa umntu ukuba acacise ipesenteji enkulu yeempahla zawo aze agcine kancane kwicala lokuthenga kwiinkampani abafuna ukuzifumana. Ngubani othi awukwazi ukugcina i-90% yezibambiso zakho kwiimali zendleko zexabiso eliphantsi kwaye uhlale uthenge amasheya e-Coca-Cola, i-Diageo, i-General Mills, okanye nayiphi na enye inhlangano apho uyakholelwa kakhulu? Yimali yakho , emva kwakho konke.