Okulungileyo, Okubi, kunye ne-Ugly ye-Investment kwi-Index Index
Kwimizuzu embalwa ezayo, ndifuna ukuhamba ngendlela endicinga ngayo ngemali yenkcazo-ezilungileyo, ezimbi, nezibi - ukukunceda ufumane enye imbono.
Ziziphi Iingxowa-mali?
Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni isikhokelo seengxowa-mali, kufuneka uqale uqonde inkcazo yesalathisi.
Inkcazo ayikho ngokwenene. Kunoko, iinjongo zemfundo; ngcamango. Ngokukodwa, lilingana nomntu okanye ikomiti yabantu abahleli phantsi kwaye beza kunye uluhlu lwemithetho malunga nendlela yokwakha iphothifoliyo yezikhundla zabanye ngenxa yokuba, ekugqibeleni, into enokuyenza kuphela utyalomali kwizinto eziqhelekileyo izitokisi okanye iibhonksi , ukucinga ukuba sinciphisa ingxoxo yethu kwiimarike ezilinganayo kunye neengeniso.
Ngokomzekelo, isalathisi esona sidumileyo kwixesha lonke, i- Dow Jones Industrial Average , luhlu lwamashumi amathathu e- blue chip stocks . Olu luhlu luza kwenziwa ngumqoqo wabameli bee-stocks ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho lwe-United States.
Izabelo zilinganiswe ngokusekelwe kwintengo yesitokhwe kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenziwe ukwenzela izinto ezifana ne- stock ehlukanayo . Izitokisi eziluhlu zikhethwe ngabahleli beThe Wall Street Journal . Ngokomlando, i-DJIA iye yazingqinekanga njengoko utshintsho ludla. I-Dow Jones Industrial Average iye yabetha ezinye iindices, eziquka i-S & P 500, ngaphezu kwexesha elide ixesha elinomlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwisigxina nangona iziphumo zonyaka unyaka kwaye zisoloko zibonakala zingancinci.
Ukuthetha nge-S & P 500, ngoku ngoku, mhlawumbi, inqaku elixutyushwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Mfutshane kwi-Standard and Poor's 500, okokuqala kwaqaliswa ngo-1957. I-S & P 500 ineendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kuneDow Jones Industrial Average. Ndibhalile ngokubanzi malunga nokuba, kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, indlela ye-S & P 500 yatshintshile ngokusesikweni ngeendlela ezininzi abatshali-mali abangenalwazi abanakuyiqonda kodwa ukuba, ukuba bebekhona endaweni edlulileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo bekuya kunciphisa ubuyisela ixabiso lemakethe yezentengiso eyenziwa. Abanini-zimali namhlanje baninzi abangenanto yokuba oko bafumeneyo akuyiyo i-S & P 500 yabo-ntombi. Ngexesha elithile, ungena iShip of Theseus umxakatho kwaye kufuneka uzibuze, ngantoni na ujongene nayo into ehlukileyo.
Kwimeko nasiphi na isiganeko, inkcazo yenkcazo yinkxaso- mali kuphela , endaweni yokuba nomphathi weepotfoliyo ukhethe ukhetho, uphumelela umsebenzi olwabiwo-mali kubomntu okanye kwikomidi enquma indlela yokwenza inkcazo. Okokuthi, ukuba uthengela iDow Jones Industrial Average index index okanye i- ETF (i-ETF, okanye ingxowa-mali yokuthengiselana, i-fund fund i-trade fund njengengxenye yesitokisi yonke imini kunokuba ilungiselele ekupheleni kosuku njengesiqhelo i-fundual fund; ngokuphindaphindiweyo iphothifoliyo efanayo, ukubamba iqumrhu elifanayo), ngokwenene uhambisa nje umsebenzi wokulawula imali yakho kubahleli beThe Wall Street Journal .
Ukuba uthengisa i-S & P 500 yengxowa-mali, ubeka nje umsebenzi wokulawula imali yakho kubantu abambalwa kwi-Standard and Poor's. Ekugqibeleni, usenayo iphothifoliyo yamasheya ngamanye, ugcinwe kwisakhiwo esihlangeneyo kunye nomphathi wepotfoliyo phezu kwayo onoxanduva lokufumana iziphumo ngokusondeza kwikhompyutheni ngokunokwenzeka (eyaziwa ngokuba "ukulandelela"). Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga nokusekwa kwesikhwama sokubambisana, funda indlela i-Mutual Fund eyenziwe ngayo .
Ziziphi iingenelo zokuTyala imali kwi-Index Index?
Iimali zenkcazo zineenzuzo ezininzi, ngakumbi kubatyalomali abahlwempuzekileyo, enye yezona zizathu ndiye ndazixabisa kakhulu kwiminyaka.
Okokuqala, nje kuphela xa umtyalomali eqonda ukuba akukho nto imilingo malunga negama "inkcazo" - kukho iikholeji ezilungileyo, izikhombisi ezimbi, kunye neenkcukacha eziphambili - kwaye ukhetha inkcazo engqiqo eqondwa yinkampani efanelekileyo kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo , kufuneka lubonelele indlela eyanelisayo yokuthatha inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na imarike ekumele ithengise ngokuthenga omnye.
Eyona nto inokulula kwaye ingathetha iindleko eziphantsi, okubaluleke ukuba utyalomle into efana ne-25,000 okanye i-$ 50,000 kunye nee-commissions zingadla inani elithintekayo lenqununu yakho ukuba uzame ukwakha yakho 30, 50, 100+ iphothifoliyo yesitokethi ngqo kwi- akhawunti ye-brokerage .
Okwesibini, ezininzi iingxelo zemali kwimarike yokulingana zivame ukuqhutywa ngendlela eyanciphisa imali. Ukuhlawula okuphantsi, okanye ukunyaniseka okuphezulu kuxhomekeke kwindlela okhetha ukuyichaza ngayo, bekude kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekutyala imali ngokuphumelelayo. Enyanisweni, kukho iqela elikhulu lophando olubonisa ukuba abatyalo-mali baya kuba bhetele kwiimeko ezininzi ukuthenga izicatshulwa zecandelo ngqo, njengezitshixo ngabanye, kunye nokuhlala kuzo kungekho tshintsho olulandelayo kunokuba babeza kuba batyala imali ngengxowa ngokwayo. Ezi zikhundla zomoya, njengoko zibizwa ngezinye izihlandlo, zifuna uhlobo oluthile lwepropati yengqondo kodwa umvuzo oneminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwe-50 inokumangalisa. Awunayo inkxalabo malunga neenguqu zendlela kwaye unokwenza ngcono ukulungelelanisa irhafu xa ufuna ukunyusa imali.
Okwesithathu, iimali zenkcazo zivame ukuba nezilinganiso eziphantsi kweendleko zeemali ezihlangeneyo kunezinye iirhafu zemali. Oku kunokongeza kwimali yangempela ngexesha elide ukuba awunelungelo lokufumana iphothifoliyo enkulu ngezinga elifunekayo ukuzisebenzisa ngamanye amathuba kunye nezicwangciso zokucwangcisa. Thatha inkampani efana neVanguard, umxhasi omkhulu kunazo zonke zeengxelo zezimali kwihlabathi. Ngokomphathi we-asethi yasePennsylvania, ibhalansi yokuthatha inxaxheba enye yeakhawunti yalo yomhlala-phantsi yayingama-29,603 kuphela [Umthombo wePDF, iphepha 5, uprintwe]. Oko kuthetha ukuba isiqingatha sala ma-akhawunti sinemali engama-29,603 engama-dollar kunye nesiqingatha.
Oku kuncinane kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namaqela amaninzi olawulo lweefa. Enyanisweni, ayinakufihla imali encinci kumaninzi amhlophe-iglafu, amaqela alawulayo asethi ayenzi kakuhle, akha iipotifoliyo ezinetyenzi eziphezulu kunye nokuphezulu (ukunika ingcamango, inkqonkqo ndiyifumene ukulawula yam Ubutyebi bentsapho bunotyalo-mali obuncinci be-500,000 i-$ 000 nje kuphela ukucinga ngokusebenza kunye nomthengi ongaphandle ofuna ukutyalomali nathi). Umtyalo-mali kunye ne-29,603 yee-akhawunti ayikwazanga ukufumana iinkonzo kwiinkonzo ezininzi zebhanki zebhanki . Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-akhawunti yayingama-100,000 kuphela okanye i-150,000 yee-akhawunti, amanye amasebe asebebhanki athembela imali yokulawula utyalo-mali phakathi kwama-2.5% kunye nama-3.0% ngoko kungenakukufaneleka ukuba unikezele isiqhelo esingaqinisekanga esingaphantsi kokusebenza kwisalathisi ngaphandle kokuba ufumana uhlobo oluncedo lwezocwangciso lwezemali olubanzi okanye enye inkonzo; umzekelo, umhlolokazi kwidolophu yasemaplasini engenakujongana nokuhlawula iindleko zakhe kuba ibhanki iyayinakekela yonke into ukuze iphile iintsuku zayo eziseleyo emva kokulahlekelwa ngumyeni wakhe okanye umfazi. Kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kumntu kuloo meko, ingakumbi umntu ongeyena mhle ngemali kwaye akanakho ngaphezu kweminyaka emininzi ukuba aphile kangangokuba ukuhlukana kwemali ayinayo ixesha elikhulu lokuxuba phezu kwayo ngokwexabiso leendleko .
Enyanisweni, ndivakalelwa kakhulu malunga neendleko zokugcina imali yenkcazo yeengxowa-mali endicinga ukuba yinto emiselweyo ngokubanzi kweso sikhwama salo naliphi na utyalo-mali omncinci onokuthoba uthetha utyalomali nge- 401 (k) isicwangciso somsebenzi ukuhlala uthanda -iyo, ingxowa-mali engabonakaliyo kuyo nayiphi na enye yeminye iminikelo ekhoyo. Yindlela endiphatha ngayo iifayili zam intsapho xa zihlanganiswe kwisicwangciso somhlala-phantsi kwindawo yabo yengqesho.
Okwesine, iimali zenkcazo zineenzuzo ezinkulu zeengqondo kubantu abangenalo ngokufanelekileyo kwimathematika. Musa ukunyamekela indlela enokuyenza ngayo le nto ekukhuseleni intsapho kwiinkathazo zemali kunye nokuchithwa ngenxa yempembelelo yayo ekuziphatheni. Uninzi lwabafazi nabasetyhini, abangenokuba ngababenesilumko, abantu abalungileyo, abanakho ukuqonda ngokucacileyo malunga nendlela amanani asebenzisana ngayo. Ukukubonisa, thabatha umbuzo othiwa ibhola nebhola.
Ibhola kunye nebhola zibiza i-$ 1.10 epheleleyo. I-bat ibiza i-$ 1.00 ngaphezulu kwebhola. Ibhola ibiza ntoni? "
Abantu abaninzi baphendula, "$ .10". Akulunganga. Impendulo i $ .05. Ngendlela efanayo abakwazi ukuyiqonda ngokukhawuleza-kwaye abantu banokufunda kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba abafuni ukukhathazeka-abaqondi izibalo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Awufumani loo ndawo yodwa ingabandakanywa kwisilinganiso esezantsi, ngokomyinge, kunokuba iipotifoliyo jikelele okanye ukuba iibhanki ezininzi zeebhendi ezahlukeneyo endleleni zingasenza ukuba kube nembuyekezo emihle. Inkcazo yeengxowa-mali isombulula le nto kuba isebenza njengento endiyibiza ngokuba yindlela yokuqhawulwa kwe-obfuscation. Ifihla ukubuyela kwezinto eziphantsi ukuze abatyali-mali bangacingi ukuba bacinge ngabo. Ababoni izinto ezifana neempahla zabo zeoli eziwa ngama-50% okanye ngaphezulu ngenxa yokuba zifihliweyo kwinani lexabiso lesabelo sokwabelana ngemali. Abatyalomali abanotyebi, abatyala-mali abaqingqiweyo, abayidingi olu hlobo lwengqondo. Zinezo zibhokhwe ngqo. Ngale ndlela, inkcazo yeengxowa-mali ingabancedisa ukukhuthaza abatyali-mali ukuba bahlale ixesha elide kunokuba bekungaba njalo, becinga malunga neepotfolio zabo zonke kwaye azikho izinto ezingundoqo. (Kukho ingozi ebalulekileyo kule ndlela, nangona, ukuba ukuba utshintsho lweendlela lugxininisa ukuba ubuncinci bube ngaphantsi kwe-stellar, ekugqibeleni, oluya kulimaza umnini-mali. Ukuqonda oko ndiyithethayo, incoko endala ndiyibhale uncedo lwam.)
Okwesibini, iimali zenkcazo, ngokwemvelo yokwahlukana, zisasaza izingozi zabatyalomali abahluphekayo ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwengqondo.
Eyesithandathu, iifom zenkxaso zixhobisa abantu abangenakuwuxabisa amashishini , kwaye ke abanalo ishishini lokuba neempahla, ukuphepha isilingo sokhetho lomntu ngamnye kumabandla ahlukeneyo. Awuyi kukholwa ukuba ndibukele njani abantu abaqhelekileyo abahlakaniphile kuzo zonke iindidi zeendawo baphonsa imali yabo yokugcina imali kwiinkampani abangaziqondi ngokubhekiselele kwisigqibo esilungeleleneyo. Ngokugqithisa ukucinga kwabo kubahleli be -Wall Street Journal , abambalwa abaqeshwa njenge-Standard and Poor's, okanye nabani na omnye onokuqhuba isalathisi esinikeziwe, ngokuqinisekileyo bavumela abo abanolwazi lokufunda nokubhala ngemali ukuba benze izigqibo egameni labo.
Ziyini i-Downsides yoTyalo-mali kwi-Index Index?
Kwiphepha le-flip, kukho ezininzi iingxaki zokutshala imali kwiinkcukacha zenkcazo. Ezi zinto zigqithiswa ngakumbi xa uphumelela.
Okokuqala, kufuneka uqonde ukuba iifom zenkcazo zihambelana nento ebenza ukuba basebenze. Akulungele, zivele "zaneleyo". Xa ukhangele ubungqina obunzulu bokufunda, kubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo ekuboniseni ukuba, ngokuphambili, impumelelo iqhubela phambili kubalimi-mali:
- Ukudibanisa ubunini bezobulungisa ezihlukeneyo
- Ubunini bexesha lobunini ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwezantsi kunye
- Gcina iindleko eziphantsi.
Kubatyalo-mali abancinci nabangaphakathi, inkcazo yenkcazo yindlela kuphela yokufezekisa loo nto ukuba awufuni ukunikela ixesha elide kwipotfoliyo yakho. Enyanisweni, nangona ixa elizayo lingase lihluke kwixesha elidlulileyo ukwenzela ukuba akukho siqinisekiso esiya kuba njalo, ukuba unokubuya emva kwexesha kwaye unokhetho phakathi kotyalo-mali kwi-index index-siya kukhetha i-S & P 500 yemali yexabiso lemarike. inguqu ngenxa yokulula-okanye ukudala eyakho ingxowa-mali yenkcazo yabucala ngokuthenga zonke ii-stocks ezinamakhulu amahlanu, ngokuzimeleyo, ngokubamba ngokulinganayo, kunye nokuzibamba kungekho tshintsho olulandelayo, kubandakanywa ukubukela izikhundla ezininzi eziza kubakho phantsi, i-index index yakho yangasese. bekuza kutyhoboza ingxowa-mali yoluntu ngaphezu kwama-30, 40, ama-50 + amaxesha.
Njengoko kunjalo, akusondele. Akukho mntu oqikeleleyo oya kuthatha i-index index yoluntu malunga neengxowa-mali ezizimeleyo ezenziwe ngabanini-mvume ngabanye abanjwe kwisisindo esilinganayo emva kokubona idatha ukuba unokukwazi ukufumana iindleko. UDkt. Jeremy Siegel kunye nabaphandi bakhe baseWharton baye babonisa oku ngaphaya kwanoma yiyiphi ingqubuzana enokuphikisana nayo kufana nokukhuthaza uMbutho weMhlaba oPhezulu. Amanani ayilungile kwaye ayinakunyuswa. Icandelo lezemfundo phakathi kwenkampani yokulawula i-asethi yayazi kodwa yi-Mokita - inyaniso engathethiweyo ngaphandle kweengqungquthela zobungcali okanye ezinye iiklasi ngoba kungenakwenzeka ukunikela ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuphula iimarike zokulingana ngenxa yokungabi nantlupheko Amacandelo amancinci (ayifumene kakhulu, amanqaku amakhulu kunoko kufuneka ahlambuluke isisindo esilungisiwe, esichaza ngokuthekileyo ukuba abatyala-mali bamama kunye neengxowa-mali zeenkcukacha zoluntu kwixesha elizayo baya kuthi batshintshe ubutyebi babo kubahlali abazizityebi abagqiba ukuthengisa ngaphandle ulungelelaniso lwama-bubbles ezimakethe; ukulungiswa kwe-esoteric, okwangona kunyanzelekile ukulungiselela ukungena kwemali enkulu yemali, kubonisa ukutshintshwa okunye kwintsizana ukuya kwisityebi. Ungabi nandiqalisa ukuba abantu abaninzi bacinga i-S & P Ama-500 alawulwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo - akusiyo, ayikho into enamandla kakhulu kodwa ilawulwa kakhulu yikomiti yabantu kwi-Standard and Poor's abaguqula imithetho ngezikhathi ezithile, kubandakanya i-sellin ukukhupha ezinye zezona zizwe eziphezulu kakhulu ezibuyayo.
Amaqela amaninzi olawulo lwee-asethi aza kuqhuba iipotfoliyo ezifana neendlela ezizimeleyo ezifana nalezi kubalimi-mali abafuna ukulungelelaniswa okubhekiselele kwindlela yokulinganisa ubukhulu xa bebuza. Kungenziwa kwindleko ezongezelelweyo ezongezelelweyo ezinikezelwa ngumtyalo-mali. Enyanisweni, uJohn Bogle ngokwakhe uzame ukufumana iVanguard ukuba inikezele inkonzo enjalo kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo ngaphambi kokuba ulawulo olugqityiwe lunyanzele ukuba lugqithise umhlalaphantsi ngenxa yobudala bakhe lugqithise le ngcamango njengomsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu. Ngokomntu, ndandisoloko ndicinga ukuba kwakuyihlazo kuba iBogle yayilungile - imiphumo yerhafu kubarhwebi abazizityebi kubalulekile ngokwaneleyo, beshiya bucala ngokulinganayo-ngokumalunga nokuthengiswa kwemali-mveliso ngokupheleleyo, ukuba kusengcono ukuba nezo zinto ziphantsi ngqo. Phakathi komngcipheko wozuzo olufakiwe, apho ndiza kuthintela ngesikhashana, kunye nokukwazi ukuhlawula iivali xa kudingeke ukuba kukhuliswe imali, inzuzo iya kuba yinto emangalisa njengoko ixesha lihamba kwaye lixuba imisebenzi yalo. Abantu abangayiqondi imigaqo emva komsebenzi wokuqala waseBogle, into eyenza inkcazo yesikhokelo isebenze kwindawo yokuqala, ayiyiqondi into eyenziwa ngabantu, isakhiwo esihlangeneyo asikho imfuneko; akufuneki ukuba ibambe imikhosi yokungahambi, ukungabi neendleko eziphantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweerhafu. Kunoko, yindlela kuphela yokuba abo bengenalo ngokwaneleyo ukuba bawasebenzise. Eyesibini ibhetele. Akuzange kufuneke ukuba izityebi, ngubani, ukuba zifuna ukunqakraza, kufuneka ziqhube i-index index yangasese.
Kuza kuthatha ubuninzi ukuba ulungiselele isakhiwo sakho seengxowa-mali yangasese kunokuba utyalomali ngokusebenzisa i-index yoluntu yenkxaso-mali? Umbuzo omhle. Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza kwiinkampani ezininzi ezinamakhanda omhlophe kubonisa ukuba mhlawumbi uyenzeka phakathi kwe-0.75% kunye ne-1.00% ukuba uneminyaka engaphantsi kwezigidi ezingama-5. Ukuba unayo i-$ 5 yezigidi ukuya kwii-100 yezigidi, ungase ubalekele ukuhlawula phakathi kwe-0.25% no-0.50%. Ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvuna ukulahlekelwa kwentela kunye nokuba nempahla eyongezelelekileyo ngokusasazekayo, kunethuba elihle kwiminyaka engama-25 ukuya kuma-50, awuyi kuba ngcono nje, kodwa isihogo esilungileyo kangcono nangona kukho imali ephakamileyo kakhulu. kwindlela yokwakha iphothifoliyo ephakamileyo kwikhompyutheni yakho yecala yangasese kunokuba uza kuba ne-index index yoluntu. Ngaphandle kokungalungi, ocebileyo, uncedo olukhulu. Oku akunakwenzeka ukuba unento efana ne-$ 50,000 ngaphandle kokuba uhambele ngokwenene kwaye uqinisekisile iqumrhu lokuthengisa ngemali ukunika amaqumrhu amahhala angamahhala ngokutshintshela ukuvula i-akhawunti kwaye unaloo mthengisi uvuselele izahlulelo mahhala. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba ngumsebenzi omhle kuwe kwaye unobungozi bokuhlaziywa kwemali yee-$ 50 okanye ngaphezulu ukusika kwiimbuyekezo zakho ezingenakubaluleka kwi-portfolio ye-$ 10 yezigidi kodwa uthetha kakhulu kwi-portfolio ye-$ 50,000. Izahlulo-hlulo ziya kwenzeka. Izibonelelo zetender ziya kwandiswa. Iiproxies ziya kufuneka zivotelwe . Amaphepha okuthumela i-mail kuphela ayenokungcwaba igumbi lokuhlala. Kubalwa okungafaniyo nomntu onama-$ 750,000 ukuya kwindawo efana neNkunzi yeNtloko kunye nokuhlawula i-0.89% okanye umntu ophethe i-$ 50,000,000 ehamba kwi-Goldman Sachs kwaye ehlawula i-0.25% ukuze azigcinele i-hsle kwaye konke ukunyamekela ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
Enye imbambano ephazamisayo kunye nabarhwebi abatyebi abaphethe iimali ezithile zengqungquthela engabikho mntu ufuna ukuthetha ngazo, kwaye nangona kunjalo, bayenqaba ukukholelwa ngendlela efanayo abantu bawutyeshela ingozi yamashishini ama-dot-com kunye nezibophelelo zetyala , eziyingxowankulu kuzuza. Ndibhalile ngale nto ngaphambili, kwakhona, kodwa enye yezo zihloko abatyali-mali abayizi ngokwenene nokuba yinkathazo enokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba bekhulile malunga nobutyebi okanye bebexhamle ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba bafunde ukuxakeka zivela ekulawuleni izihlomelo ezisixhenxe, ezisibhozo, okanye ezithoba. Kungumntu osisidenge ngenxa yomntu onjalo-ndiyazi ukuba ivakala nzima kodwa kuyakufuneka uyive ngenxa yokuba ndizama ukukusindisa ekwenzeni impazamo enokukuhlawula imali eninzi-ukuze utyalomali ocebileyo athenge inani elithethayo into efana ne-Vanguard ye-S & P 500 yengxowa-mali ye-akhawunti ehlawuliswa ngokupheleleyo xa, nangomsebenzi ongabalulekanga, unokukwazi ukwakha isalathisi ngqo kwiimpahla zodwa kwaye ukhuphe umngcipheko wokubambelelwa ngamatyala amaninzi ahlawulwa yerhafu. kwindlela indlela ikhowudi yentlawulo eyenza ngayo inzuzo ekudlulileyo engafanelekanga kwingxowa-mali.
Ngokukodwa, iVanguard inama-198,712,172,000 ayi-$ 7,712,172,000 kuloo mali-mali ekupheleni konyaka ka-2014, apho i-89,234,130,000 i-$ i-earnings. Ukuba iVanguard yayiza kuba neyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-fund nangayiphi na isizathu-kwaye ezi zinto zenze, zenzeke kwaye ziya kwenzeka - ulawulo lunganyanzeliswa ukuba lugqityise ezo zikhundla okanye, ngokufanelekileyo, zihlawulele "ngohlobo". Le nto inkokhelo yeVanguard ayizange ifune ukuyiqwalasela kuba njengoko ukhonkco luye lwaba yindlela yokugqibela, luye lwakwazi ukuhlawula izicelo zokuhlengwa kunye neefowuni ezitsha, ixesha elide, ixabiso leempahla ezikhula ngexesha elide. Ukuba loo nto iyayeka, ingaba yingozi.
Abantu abaninzi abayi kuba nexhala malunga naloo mali ngenxa yabo 401 (k), iRoth IRA , okanye enye indawo yokuhlala. Kananjalo ungenakukhathalela ukuba uceba ukunikela ngokukhulula kwefa lakho kwintando kunye nomlingane wakho umncinci kwiminyaka embalwa kunomdla wokuphila osondela ekupheleni kwayo. UWarren Buffett ungumzekelo omhle. Umfazi wakhe wesibini, u-Astrid, uya kufumana i-$ 100 yezigidi ukuhlala ekhululekile emva kokufa kwakhe, apho i-$ 90 yezigidi eziza kubakho kwi-index ye-S & P 500 yengxowa-mali kunye ne-$ 10 yezigidi. Nangona kunjalo, uBuffett ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufumana oku kuluhlobo oluthile lokuxhaswa kwemali yonyango , enokwenzeka ukuba ihlelwe yi-Munger Tolles, yona leyo iyanciphisa phantse yonke ingozi yerhafu. Nangona engazange ayenze, unikwe imali eninzi ebandakanyekayo, kwaye amathuba okuphela kobomi afike ngexesha elifutshane, ukuthengiswa akufanelekanga ukwakha iphothifoliyo ngqo njengoko engashiyi imali kubantwana bakhe nabazukulwana.
Ukuba ubuza kundibuza, mhlawumbi ndiza kutsala umgca kwiidola ezimbalwa zeedola, ndithi xa ufuna ukulandela isicwangciso-nkcazo kwaye ubuncinane ubuncinane beemali ezibekwe ngaphandle kwezinto ezikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo, zikarhulumente Inkcazo yeengxowa-mali kunokuba isibonelelo sakho semali esakhelwe ngasese, usenokuthetha kakuhle kodwa uziphatha ngobuwula. Ndiyathanda ukuba ndikwazi ukuthetha ngenyameko okanye ngendlela engenakukukhubekisa, kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungangithandi kangako ngokuyibeka ingqalelo kuwe, ayitshintshi into yokuba nomgudu omncinane , kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho zindleko ezongezelelweyo zentlawulo, unokuphelisa amathuba okubangela irhafu ebandakanyekayo, ujonge ukuvunwa kweerhafu, kwaye mhlawumbi ubuyekeze ukuhlawula ixesha elide ngenxa yeendlela eziphambili zokubeka izikhundla ezilinganayo ngokukodwa kwaye ukhetha ukuba ungaphumi ukungaqondi kakuhle into oyiyo, indlela eyakhiwe ngayo, okanye ukuqinisekiswa. Iindleko zithuba lobutyebi obulahlekileyo luyinyani. Inentsingiselo. Wena kunye neendlalifa zakho akukho mntu umele awutyala. Ayikho inzuzo enkulu enkulu, kwakhona; kungekho kweso sikhulu. Ukuba uke wasebenza kunye ne-private firm management firm, uyazi ukuba ungangena kwi-akhawunti yakho yokugcinwa ngokulula njengoko unakho i-akhawunti ephethe i-index index. Akukho ncitshiseko yangempela apha enikezelweyo, kwakhona, isalathisi esiyimfuneko sikhona.
Nangona kunjalo, naliphi na ukukhankanya oku, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuthiya inzondo ephuma kwibhokisi lemi bhokisi. Akunakunqandwa. Abantu baneengcamango ezintle malunga neengxelo zemali kuba baqonda iingenelo kodwa bahluleka ukuqonda isizathu sokuba basebenze. Abaqapheli ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ukuba iingongoma zokubhengezwa ngqo kwi-akhawunti yangasese zingapheli ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo esidlangalaleni esidityanisiweyo xa ucebile ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, banqwenela ukuba bajonge kuyo, kwimeko apho kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho nto ingabangela ukungavumelani. Iinyani zinyani. Akuyona into enjengeenkomo ngokubhekisele kwenkomo, yinkalo yamanani. Ingikhumbuza ngabantu abathandayo abagwebi abachitha izigidi zeedola zabo eziphathekayo ezizinzileyo eziya kuba ziindlalifa zabo ngenxa yokuba benqabile ukujongana nesicwangciso sendawo esidinga umlinganiselo omncinane wokuzama ukusebenzisa inzame Isiseko sendawo , kodwa ndabona ukuba kwenzeka. Kuyiyo ingqiqo.
Omnye umda omkhulu wemali yenkcazo yemali kukuba azinengqondo ngokumelela amacandelo ahlukeneyo namashishini . Kukho into endiyicinga ukuba yinto entle kakhulu engqinelanayo ukuba i-S & P 500 yesalathisi ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkampani zezimali. Into efana ne- akhawunti ephethwe ngabanye inokukwazi ukukunqanda; ukudala i-index index yangasese njengoko ndithe ndathetha ngako kwaye ke ukulinganisa amacandelo athile kunye namashishini amaninzi ngokuphathelele izinto ezisisiseko. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba ungumenzi-zimali-mali, ungabamba iqoqo eliqokelelweyo lwemali yenkcazo-mali kwaye ulandele iphothifoliyo kwiindlela ezithile ngokusungulwa kwamasheya ngamnye okwenzelwe ukwandisa isilinganisi sokulinganisela kwisalathisi. (Isiphakamiso sam siya kuba ngowokuqala ngokuqwalasela amashishini avelise ngokugqithiseleyo kunokuba abuyele ebudeni bexesha elide .
Kanti enye inkalo ye-index index investment-investment results Nangona ndidunyiswa kubo kwiimeko ezithile, kunye nesigqibo sam sokuwasebenzisa esisekelweni sam isibonelelo, esakhiwe njengomniki-mcebisi ocebise ingxowa yokukhusela ukuchazwa okuthe ngqo, ukunyaniseka kweengqondo kufuna ukuba ndivume ukuba i-index index i-parasitic ngokwemvelo yawo . Zikho ngokukhupha ixabiso kubavela-mali abahlala rhoqo beka intengo ngokuziphatha kwabo ukuthenga nokuthengisa. Ngokukhupha i-piggybacking kubo, iifom zenkcazo ngokufanelekileyo zifumana ukuhamba ngokukhululeka, ukufaka isandla esincinci kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuchonga amashishini kunye nenkxaso-mali. Bafana nomntwana onobuqili oqikelela indlela yokukopela umshini wesoda ukuze akhulule i-Coca-Cola. Omnye umntu, kwindawo ethile, uhlawula intlawulo njengoko uyaziqhayisa ngesiphuzo sakhe esiphantsi kweendleko. Xa ndizisebenzisela isiseko sam sesisa, ndifumana inzuzo engalunganga. Xa uwasebenzisa kwiakhawunti yakho yomhlalaphantsi, ufumana inzuzo engekho. Ngethuba nje elincinci elincinci lenzelwe abantu, kulungile. Ngelishwa, ukuba abantu abaneleyo baye baqala ukutsalathisa njengesicwangciso sotyalo-mali, sinokuyithintela ukucaphulwa kweemarike zentengiso, ngokukodwa izincinci zincinci kwisalathisi, ukusuka kwixabiso elithile elinokuthi lithengiswe. Oku kuya kuba kubi nje kuphela kuluntu kodwa kubatyalomali kwixesha elide.
Uphi na loo ngongoma? Akukho mntu uyazi. Njengoko ndikhankanywe ngaphambili, sele sifinyelele emngceleni apho i-$ 1 kuzo zonke i-$ 5 ezityalomali kwiimarike zokulingana zaseMerika zifakwa kwiimali zenkcazo. Oko kwakungenakucingelwa kungekudala kungekudala. Akuyonto into eya kuphelisa kakuhle ukuba iyaqhubeka. Kungathatha iminyaka, kwanamashumi eminyaka, ukuba idlale ngaphandle kodwa ayiyinto entle. Ngokudlulileyo, ukukhuseleka okusemandleni ukwazi oko uqobo, ukufumana iimali zeenkcukacha zakho, kunye nendlela abaxabisekileyo ngayo ngokumalunga nexabiso langaphakathi kodwa ukuba unokwenza oko, awuyi kuba neengxowa-mali zenkcazo kwindawo yokuqala.
Ezinye zeZibonelelo ndizithethileyo ukuThetha ngokoKwazisa ngokuZimali ngeeNgxowa-mali
Enye yemingeni endijamelana nayo ngokubhekiselele kwimali yenkcazo kukunyaniseka kwimiqondo yokunyaniseka - ukuxelela indlela endiva ngayo ngesihloko - kunye nokukhathazeka kwam ukuba abaphulaphuli abaphulaphuli baya kuliphulaphula loo myalezo. Kwabampofu nabangenamava, iimali zenkcazo ziyi-Godsend, iinjongo ezithintekayo kwiimeko ezininzi. Enye yezizathu ndizithetha ngazo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ndizidumise ngokukhululekile. Into yokugqibela ndiyifuna umntu ngandlela-thile ukuchaza ngokubhaliweyo kwam esihloko kwaye uzame ukutyalomali kwisitokethi ngasinye kunye neepotfoliyo zabo ezincinci, bengenalwazi ukuba benzani okanye abanomdla wokufunda. Izinto ezifana nezikhundla ezigxininiswe kwi-GT Advanced Technologies bankruptcy ziyingozi kum kwaye ndifuna ukunceda abantu abaninzi ngangokunokwenzeka intlungu yokuhamba kwiimeko ezinje. Ukuba awukwazi ukufunda iphepha lokulinganisela okanye uhlalutye ingxelo yentlawulo , isalathisi sinokuba ngumhlobo wakho.
Ukongezelela, iimali zenkcazo zithathile kwisimo esinjengobunqulo kwimimandla ethile yoluntu. Ndiyibhekisele kubo njengenkolo yonqulo; uhlobo lwenkcenkcesho-ye-response yesiganeko kumntu oqhuba imoto kwisibini kuba inkqubo yokuthutha imxelele ukuba aqhubeke ehamba ngqo. Ndisebenzise ukufanisa kwangaphambili kodwa bathabatha isisombululo senzelwe abo bangenayo imali eninzi kwaye bazame ukulinganisa, ongayinakuyenza ngaphezu kokuba ungasebenzisa amava ukwakha ikakishi yelogi ekwakheni i-skyscraper. Zingenangqondo kodwa ziza kuhlangana kunye negunya negunya lomshumayeli womlilo-nesulfure, ukugxeka nabani na okanye nantoni na ababuza imibuzo yabo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, aba baqeshisi abahlulekayo abafumana ukulahlekelwa kweemarike ezibonakalayo ezinkulu kwaye, njengowomntu owayengunxila obunxilisayo ocinga ukuba wonke umntu onxilayo, uyaxhaswa. Kude kwindoda efanelekileyo okanye ibhinqa elithi, "Ndiyavuma ukusilela kunye neengozi zengxowa-mali yokutsalwa kweengxowa-mali kwaye zicinga ukuba zisona zilungelelwano naphezu kwezi ngxaki" - indlela ecacileyo nengqiqo yokuziphatha kwiimeko ezininzi - bacinga ukuba i-index Iimali ziyimpendulo kuzo zonke iingxaki zobomi, zijolise kwiindleko zokukhutshwa kwazo zonke ezinye, kubandakanywa ixabiso. Akuyona ingozi, ukubonelela ngomzekelo omnye, amaninzi amabhiliyoni asebenzisa iinkonzo zaseMntla Trust ngenxa yeemfuno zabo zokuphatha iibhanki kunye nokwethemba imali . Ezi ntlawulo ezihlawulayo zingaba yintengiso emangalisayo kwiimeko ezininzi. Kuthekani kuthi ukuba baphantsi komgangatho weemarike ngamaphuzu ambalwa ngonyaka ukuya ekupheleni kokulinda kwabo ubomi kodwa banqumle umrhumo wabo werhafu ngeentlawulo kwizigidi ngezigidi zeedola ngenxa yezicwangciso ezicwangcisekileyo kunye nezicwangciso zesikhundla se-asethi? Ngaba ucinga ukuba isityebi senze ngaloo ndlela ngokuba budenge? Ndakhe ndambona umntu omela i-intanethi ukuba umdlali we-lottery kufuneka atyhale amashumi ezigidi zeedola kwimali yenkcazo! Yileyo ndlela inkulu ngayo ukwahlula phakathi kotyalo-mali kunye ne-1% ephezulu. Uphantse ungayi kumva umntu ocebileyo okanye ummeli weentsapho njengomgaqo-nkqubo onobugcisa.
Imodeli yonqulo yeyona nto ichanileyo kuba aba bantu banqula izithixo. Baye banqula uhlobo lento phezu kwayo. Abaqondi umlinganiselo phakathi kwexesha leemarike, ukulinganiswa kunye nokuthengwa ngendlela echanekileyo. Bathi izinto ezingenasistim ezifana, "Andiyi kutyalomali kumntu ngamnye osisitokisini" xa, ekugqibeleni, yonke inkcazo ye-equity fund yabasomali abanamalungelo okugcina amasheya. Yonke into ebalulekileyo kukuba 1.) zeziphi iimpahla ezinokuzikhethela zona, 2.) ukuba izikhethi zikhethwe njani, 3.) ukulinganiswa okubelwe ezo zibalo, 4.) iindleko ezinxulumene neenkonzo okanye iinzuzo ezifunyenweyo, kunye no-5.) ukurhoxiswa kweerhafu. Mhlawumbi ungayifumana ngesikhwama senkcazo, mhlawumbi awukwazi. Iipostifoliyo ezingapheliyo ziza kuba yinto ekhethekileyo kubantu abaninzi abaphumelelayo.
Iingcamango zokugqibela malunga nokuTyalwa kweeNgxowa-mali
Usishiya phi? Izigqibo zam zichanekileyo kwaye, engozini yokuphinda ndiphinda ngamacandelo, ndiza kubelana nawe:
- Ukuba iphothifoliyo yakho iyathobekile, kwaye ungenayo inkcazelo into oyenzayo, imali yenkcazo mhlawumbi ibhetri yakho ibhetele. Zilungele ngokwaneleyo oko ufuna kwaye ziyakusindisa kwiimpembelelo ezininzi.
- Ukuba imali yakho ibanjwe kwi-401 (k) isicwangciso emsebenzini kwaye kufuneka wenze izigqibo zokwabiwa, iifizi eziphantsi kweendleko zemali zihlala ziphakathi kwezinto ezikhethileyo ozikhethayo. Kucinga ngokucokisekileyo ukutshala imali kuzo ezinye iindlela okanye, ubuncinci, ukuba ube yingxenye ebalulekileyo yepotfoliyo yakho.
- Ukuba unetyala okanye uncedo oluphezulu, unelungelo lokwenza uqoqosho lwezinga kunye nemali yakho, usebenzise amathuba okucwangcisa kunye neendlela zerhafu, kwaye unemali eninzi ngaphandle kweendawo zokukhusela zerhafu, unobhenkethi xa utyalomali kwi-pooled, yoluntu yeengxowa-mali. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa indlela yokwenza inkcazo, yakha isikhwama senkcazo ngasese ngasese okanye uhlawule umntu onjengeGoldman Sachs ongenanto engenakuncedo kwamanqaku angaphezulu okuza kukuphatha. Kukho izinto ezimbalwa kunomntu onabantu abayizigidi zeedola ezihleli kwiimali zenkxaso-mboleko ezihlawulwayo xa kukho enye i-akhawunti yenkcazo yangasese.
Ngamanye amazwi, thabatha imali yenkcazo yento abayiyo: ithuluzi elihle kakhulu elinokukugcina imali eninzi kwaye ikuncede ufumane isiseko esihle phantsi kwakho. Emva kokuba ucebile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ube nemali yangempela emva kwakho, cinga ngokugqithisa isakhiwo esihlanganisiweyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye unesakhiwo esisezantsi. Ngaphandle koko, iimali zeengxelo ayikho umhlobo okanye utshaba, ubuhle okanye ububi. Zixhobo. Akukho nto, akukho nto ngaphantsi. Basebenzise xa kukufanelekile kwaye kukuxhamla, bawaphephe xa bengenayo kwaye bengabikho. Musa ukuzibandakanya ngokomzwelo kubo okanye ngandlela-thile zikhohliswe ngamanga ukuba kukho into enomlingo malunga nesakhiwo sawo esenza ukuba iphakame kuzo zonke izinto kwindalo yonke.
Ukuba utyalomali ngemali yenkcazo, ndiza kukubongoza ngokucokisekileyo ukuba uthathe ixabiso lentengo yeli dolophu ibe yintlupheko yemali yenkcazo engundoqo, kuquka i-home-cap kunye ne-market ephuhlisiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe, ukubuyisela izihlawulelo zakho , ukungahoywa ukuguquka kwemakethe, kwaye uhlale . Vumela ixesha lokuphakamisa okunzima kuwe kwaye, ukuba unomsebenzi omde okwaneleyo kunye nenhlanhla eyaneleyo, umhlalaphantsi kufuneka ukhululeke ngakumbi kunokuba bekungekho. Kukho izinto ezinzima kakhulu ongayenza.
Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neengxelo zemali kunye nendlela endingaziva ngayo ngabo, khangela:
Ukutshala imali kwiikhompyutheni zeeNgxowa-mali zihlala zihlala zikhethileyo
Izizathu ezi-3 Abanye abatyalo-mali abaSebenzayo abazithengi iI Index Funds
Iingxelo ezi-5 eziPhambili zeNkcazo zeNgxowa-mali zingaba ngcono kwiCandelo leMali-mali
Ngaphandle koko, ndiyathanda inceba kwaye nethemba lokuba wenze isigqibo esifanele. Ukuba uya kuxolela, ndiya kuhamba ndizikhonze ngenxa yokuchithwa okungenakukuphepha kwemeyile endiyithandayo. Kwixesha elishumi elidlulileyo kunye nesiqingatha, nanini na xa ndibhalela malunga neenzuzo zeengxelo zemali, okanye ukubonisa uphando olutshanje ngabo, ukuba le nqaku ayinelisekile ngokukhazimulisa, kukho inxalenye encinane yabafundi abaya kuba ngenyameko ngendlela endingazange ndiyibonayo ukususela emva emvalweni womsila wexesha le-dot-com xa ndiba nabantu bekhala ngenxa yam ngokubonisa ukuba akufanele bathenge i-Coca-Cola kwi-50x yokufumana. Kulungile. Ndiyayiqonda ngokupheleleyo. Abanye abantu banamathele ekuhlaseleni nabani na obaxelela into abangafuni ukuyiva. Ndiza kuthatha kuba ndiyakhathalela wena kunye nosapho lwakho. Ndikulungile. Khangela kuyo kwaye kungekudala okanye kamva, uza kuza kwisigqibo esifanayo. Iinyani azikhange ziqhutywe kwiingxoxo kwaye ubungqina bembali bunqabileyo.