Indlela uMthwalo woTyala oThatywayo owenziwe ngaphantsi kweNkundla yeNdonga kunye nehlabathi
Umfutshane omfutshane: Iimbopheleleko zetyala elidityanisiweyo lenziwe xa isikhungo sezemali, njengebhanki, sithatha amatyala ahlawulwa ngabaninzi ababolekayo, sibabeka ndawonye "kwisibini", sihlula idibanti kwiindidi ezahlukileyo ezisusela kumngcipheko othiwa "i-tranches "Aze athengise ezo ntlupheko kubalimi-mali njengemali ye-hedge funds.
Ixesha elide: Kucingelwa ukuba yimbangela enkulu yeNkcenkqalazo yeMboleko, iimbopheleleko zetyala , okanye ii-CDO ezifutshane, zihlobo lotyalo-mali olubizwa ngokuba yi-aseset securities backed, okanye i-ABS njengoko zibizwa ngokubhekiselele kwiWall Street. Ixabiso lexanduva lokubophelwa kwetyala livela kwi-portfoliyo engaphantsi (ukuqokelela) kweengxowa-mali zokufumana imali ezinjenge-mortgages, iibhondi zenkampani, iibhondi zikamasipala , okanye nayiphi na enye iWall Street inqume ukupakisha kwi-CDO ethile.
Ukuncintisana nemiba, iimbopheleleko zetyala ezidibeneyo zihlukaniswe ngamaqela ayaziwa njenge-tranches. Igama elithi tranch livela kwisiFrentshi kwi "slice" okanye "iziqwenga" kwaye limele inxalenye ehlukileyo yephothifoliyo efanayo. I-tranch ephezulu kwiimbopheleleko zetyala , umzekelo, uya kuba nelungelo lokuma kwindawo ephephile. Ukuba i-asethi ephantsi kwiimbopheleleko zetyala yayikuqala ukuhamba kakubi - umzekelo, abanini bezindlu bayeka ukwenza imali yabo yokuhlawulwa kwemali - iintsimbi ezincinci ziza kuthatha ilahleko kuqala.
Makhe sicinge ukuba ungumnikazi webhanki ebizwa ngokuba yiNorth Star Bank Corporation. Uthabathe ndawonye ndawonye iqela leemali ezi-$ 500 yezigidi zemali ezinempahla efana neyoxanduva olutsha lwetyala - eWall Street ungayinika igama elithile leprosaic njenge-North Star Bank Corporation.
Usebenzisa oko kwaziwa njengokwakhiwa kwamanzi amakhulu kunye nokwahlula ukubophelwa kwetyala kwiimboqo ezinhlanu:
I-Adey A ye-CDO-I-Absorb yokuqala ye-20% yelahleko kwii-potifoliyo zebopheleleko zetyala
I-Banche B ye-CDO-I-Absorbs yesibini ye-20% yelahleko kwi-potifoliyo yemboleko
I-Ctr C ye-CDO-I-Absorbs yesithathu ye-20% yelahleko kwii-potifoliyo zamatyala
I-D-D ye-CDO-I-Absorbs yesine ye-20% yelahleko kwiipotfoliyo zebopheleleko zetyala
I-E-Tranche ye-CDO-I-Absorbs yesihlanu kunye neyokugqibela ye-20% yelahleko kwi-potifoliyo yamatyala.
Ukuba ubengumabhanki, mhlawumbi ufuna ukugcina i-Tranche E ye-CDO ngokwakho kuba yinqaba. Nangona isiqingatha sabbolekayo singenzi iintlawulo zabo, usaya kubuya imali yakho kwaye utyalo-mali lwakho luya kuhlala luvakalayo. Unokuba usenokungathengisa iinqununu zeebopheleleko zetyala A, B, C, kwaye mhlawumbi noD, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba unokwenza imali eninzi kunye neentlawulo eziphambili ukubuyisela ukusebenza ebhanki yakho okanye ukuhlawula abanini-zimali njengezabelo .
Ngako oko kungabangela njani ukuphazamiseka kwemali yehlabathi? Amabhanki, ama-inshorensi, i-hedge funds kunye namanye amaziko asebenzisa imali eninzi ebolekelwe ukutyalomali kwiimbopheleleko zetyala .
Ngethuba elifanayo, abantu abafakela ezi zinto baqala ukufumana ixabiso lempahla engaphantsi, ekhutshwe yi-house boom, kuba amaxesha ayenzileyo kwaye imali yayihamba ngokukhululekile.
Xa izindleko zezindlu zawa, uqoqosho lwahla, kwaye abantu bebengakwazi ukuhlawula iibhilikhwe zabo, yonke loo nto yenyuka njengenqwaba yokhuni ehlanganiswe kwi-petroli. Ingxenye yesizathu kwakumgaqo owaziwa njengemakethi kwiimakethe.
Iingcamango ezisemva kweemarike kunye kunye nezibophelelo zetyala kukuba i-akhawunti ifuna ukuba abatyali-mali bafumane ingcamango engabonakaliyo yexabiso lempahla yeenkampani ukuba kufuneka bathengise yonke into kwiimarike zangoku. Ingxaki kukuba iibhanki okanye amaziko amaninzi awayi kuthengisa ii-asethi zabo ngexesha lokudakalisa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuba banemithombo yokuqhubeka bephethe - kwaye kwezinye iimeko ziqhubeka zithenga-ezi ziqinisekiso.
Xa i-credit crisis yaqala, amaziko athile afumana ingxaki kufuneka athengise ii-CDO zabo ezimbi kwixabiso lokuthengiswa komlilo. Oku kufuneke, phantsi kweemigaqo-nkqubo zokubeka ingxelo, umntu ngamnye ukuba athathe ilahleko ezinkulu kwiincwadi zabo nangona abazange bafumane ilahleko kude kube loo ngongoma. Amabhanki kufuneka ukuba agcine ipesenti ethile yobulungisa kwimali-mboleko ababoleka ngayo kubathengi. Abo babhaliweyo, nangona xa bephepheni, banciphise inani lemali ibhanki ingahlawulwa ngokusekelwe kuloo maxabiso alinganayo.
Oku kudala into eyaziwayo kwimibuthano yezemali njengendlela yokufa okanye ukuphazamiseka kwempendulo. Ingxaki yaqala ukuzondla ngokwayo njengoko kubhala phantsi kubhala ngaphezulu ukubhala phantsi. Oku kwakhokelela amabhanki ukuba anqabise ukuba abakhuphiswano babo babeya kuphawulwa, ngoko ke bayeka ukuboleka imali omnye komnye, ngokunjalo.