Amashishini amashishini anamhlanje kwimimandla yasemaphandleni yaseMerika asebenza ngendlela efanayo. Baye baxhaswa ngamashishini angenzi-nzuzo ahlawulwe irhafu kwaye aphethwe ngabathengi abazuza kwiinkonzo ezibonelelwe.
Kwathatha ixesha kunye nobuninzi bencedo kwi-federal government kumzekelo wokubambisana ukuze ulungelelaniswe ukuze abantu baseMerika basemaphandleni babe nombane kumakhaya abo nakwamashishini.
Imbali yoMbane waseMakhaya
Ngexesha lokuqala kwekhulu lama-20, umbane wawufumaneka kuphela kwizixeko ezinkulu kunye neendlela ezinkulu zokuhamba. Abantu baseMelika abahlala kwiifama basebenzisa iibhanesi zelanga kunye nekhandlela zokukhanyisa, kunye nezitofu zokutshisa iinkuni ukupheka ukutya nokufudumala amakhaya abo.
Ngomnyaka we-1933, uMthetho we-Tennessee Valley Authority wenza isiteji sokufakelwa kwamandla aseMaphandleni aseMerika. UMthetho we-TVA unikezele ngemigudu yokudlulisela umbane ekwakhiwe ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ngelo xesha, kuphela kwimizi e-10 yasemaphandleni yayinombane. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva ngo-1935, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo odala ukuLawulwa kweeMveliso zaseMakhaya (REA) kwaye wagunyazisa ukusekwa kwamashishini asebumbini asekuhlaleni.
Ngomnyaka olandelayo, i-mboleko ebolekwa ngemali yokwakha izixhobo zamandla kagesi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezingaphantsi kwelizwe lonke. Amashishini amashishini asetshenziswe ngokutsha aboleke imali emininzi. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zeefama zase-US zineenkonzo zombane. Ngoku, malunga nabo bonke.
I-REA, eyenziwe njengeziko elizimeleyo le-federal, liba yinxalenye yeSebe lezoLimo lase-United States kwaye liguqule igama layo kwiNkonzo yaseRural Utilities Service. Inkonzo isebenza ngemali-mboleko kumashishini amashishini. I-National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation kunye ne-CoBank ACB nayo yenza imali mboleko kwiibambisene.
Ukwahlukana Phakathi kobambiswano kunye nezixhobo zombane
Kukho ulwahlulo oluninzi phakathi kwamashishini ombane kunye nezixhobo zorhwebo.
- Abambiseneli banamalungu abelungu, kungekhona nje abathengi. Amalungu ebambisene nabo bathengi bawo.
- Iibambisene zilandela inkqubo yentando yeninzi, kungekhona ibhodi yolawulo. Wonke amalungu angavota kwaye unelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo. Bakhetha kwakhona amalungu ebhodi ebhunga. Ngeenkonzo zokurhweba, ngababambiseneli kuphela abanalo naliphi na into ekusebenziseni inkampani. Wonke amalungu omashishini angathatha inxaxheba ekubunzeni imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuchaphazela ishishini.
- Iibambisene zijolise kwinkonzo, kungekhona inzuzo. Amashishini abambisene nombane azisa umbane kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ngenxa yokuba iinkampani zombane ezingenakuncedo ziyanqikaza ukukhonza indawo apho abathengi banokungafani khona neekhilomitha. Kwiidolophini kunye needolophu apho amakhaya namashishini asondelene kunye, iinkampani zamandla zenza imali emitha nganye. Nangona amaqabane angayinaki imfuno yokwenza inzuzo efanelekileyo, agxila kubaxhasi kuba imibutho ikhona ukubonelela ngenkonzo.
- Amalungu athatha inxaxheba ngokwezemali. Abatyalomali kwiinkampani zorhwebo bafaka imali yabo ukusebenza kwaye balindele ukukhula kenkampani ukuvelisa ukubuya. Xa amaqabane avelisa umda - imali engenayo ephezulu ngaphezu kweendleko zokubonelela ngenkonzo - igcinwe njengezikweletu zemali. Iindawo zokugcina izakhiwo zisetyenziselwa ukwakha nokugcina izibonelelo zokusebenza kunye nezibonelelo kunye nokubonelela ngezinye iimfuno zenkonzo. Ilungu ngalinye libiwe inani lemali-mboleko yemali ngokusekelwe kumbane umbane odlayo. Le nkunkuma ibizwa ngokuba "ukulandelwa." Xa kuthathwa njengelungileyo kwibhodi, inxalenye yeengxowa-mali ezinkulu zingakhokhelwa kumalungu ngokwemithetho yomthetho. Abatyalomali bathenga izabelo kwiinkampani ngokusekelwe kumandla abo emali kunye nokuqonda kwabo. Kodwa amalungu omashishini adingeka ukuba "atyalile" ekuqaleni ngokuhlawula umrhumo wobhaliso, ke unikezele ngemali eqhubekayo ngokutya nokuhlawula umbane.
- Iibambisene ziyakwazi ukuxolelwa kwerhafu yombuso. Ukuhlala uhlawulelwa irhafu, amashishini amashishini amashishini kufuneka aqokelele ama-85 ekhulwini kwingeniso yabo kubathengi bamalungu ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo.