Ziziphi izivumelwano zoRhwebo esinalo nabamelwane bethu?
Umzekelo wale Mbutho weZizwe eziMzantsi-mpuma aseAsia , awamanye amazwe ahlala kwiLwandle lwasePacific njengoluhlu oluqhelekileyo.
Nantsi isishwankathelo sezivumelwano ezibalulekileyo zorhwebo zesithili e-United States ezingenayo okanye zithethathethwano. IMelika nayo inezivumelwano ezininzi zentengiso ngamazwe ngamazwe athile. Kwakhona, iUnited States ilungu le- World Trade Organization . Iquka isivumelwano esibaluleke kakhulu semibutho yamanyeneyo , isiVumelwano esiPhezulu kwiTariffs kunye noRhwebi .
U mzekelo
I-NAFTA okanye i-North American Free Trade Agreement - i- NAFTA yindawo enkulu yokuthengisa inkululeko enkulu emhlabeni. Iquka iKhanada , iMelika kunye neMexico . Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2008, zonke iintlawulo phakathi kwamazwe amathathu zapheliswa. Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2009, urhwebo lwaphindwe kabini ukusuka kwi-$ 297 yezigidi ukuya kwi-1.6 trillion. Ukujonga ngokukrakra kwiinyaniso malunga ne-NAFTA kunokubonisa ukuba isivumelwano sezorhwebo siye sabathintela njani iintlanga ezintathu ezithatha inxaxheba.
Ukusebenzisana kweTranspacific - I-TPP yayiza kutshintsha indawo ye-NAFTA njengesivumelwano esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uTumpump waxotha iUnited States kwisivumelwano. Bekuya kuba phakathi kwe-United States kunye namanye ama-11 amazwe anqamle iPacific. Lawa aseAustralia, eBrunei Darussalam, eCanada, eChile, eJapan, eMalaysia, eMexico, eNew Zealand, ePeru, eSingapore naseVietnam.
Iinkokeli zala mazwe zisayina isivumelwano ngo-2016. Kwakuqhutywa kwinkqubo yokuvunyelwa ngamalungu omthetho. Injongo yalo kukuphucula urhwebo nokutyalomali. Ikhuthaza ukutsha, ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nophuhliso. Ixhasa ukudala imisebenzi nokugcina. I-TPP idinga imimiselo ehambelanayo nenkxaso yamashishini amancinci. Kuhambelana nomsebenzi weForam ye-Asia-Pacific Pacific Cooperation Forum.
Isigqibo sikaTrump sokurhoxisa kwi- Trans-Pacific Partnership ingayenza indlela yobulungu baseChina. Oku kunokutshintsha ukulinganisela kwamandla e-Asia.
Intsebenziswano yeTransatlantic kunye noTyalo-mali-Intsebenziswano yeTransatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership iya kudibanisa ezimbini kwezoqoqosho , i-United States kunye ne-EU. Emva kokuvunyelwene, iyakutshintsha indawo ye-NAFTA kunye ne-TPP njengendawo enkulu yokuhweba. Iyakwenza isicelo ngaphezu kweyesithathu kwisilinganiselo sezoqoqosho. Isithintelo esikhulu kunazo zonke i-agri-shishini kwi-United States nase-EU. Bobabini abalingani bezoshishino bancedisa ngokubanzi inkxaso yabo yokutya. I-EU iyalela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwa ngokwemizimba kunye nokudibanisa kwamayeza kunye nama-hormone kwizilwanyana eziphakanyiselwe ukutya. Ezi zenzo ziqhelekileyo kwi-Agri-business.
Ukuba le miqobo inganqotshwa, ukuqinisekiswa kwe- TTIP kuya kukhulisa amandla oqoqosho ase-US.
I-FTAA okanye i-Free Trade Area ye-Amerika- Ukususela kwi- Reagan Administration , iUnited States iye yazama ukufumana isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala nawo onke amazwe aseMntla, iPhakathi, kunye neMzantsi Melika kunye neCaribbean. Ekuqaleni, amazwe angama-34 avuma ukuxoxisana nesivumelwano esiya kwandisa impumelelo ye-NAFTA kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kodwa ngowama-2005, umzamo wawungaphumeleli. Amazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Melika, njengeBrazil, iVenezuela, ne-Ecuador ayesaba ukuba ukupheliswa kwemirhumo kuzakuvumela i-US-subsidized business business ukuba ibeke abalimi basekuhlaleni emsebenzini kunye nokunyanzelisa abantu babo ukuba basebenze kwiinkampani zase-US. Amanye amazwe aqalisa ukungena kwizivumelwano zombini kunye ne-United States, kuquka neChile, eColombia, ePanama, ePeru nase-Uruguay.
Ekubeni i- FTAA yashiywe ngo-2004, isivumelwano esithile sorhwebo esincinci sisiphumo phakathi kwe-United States kunye namanye amazwe amathandathu.
I-CAFTA-DR okanye i-Central America-Dominican Republic I-Free Trade Agreement - I- CAFTA isayinwe ngomhla we-Agasti 5, 2004 yi-United States kunye namazwe amathandathu. Ezi ntlanga zaziyiCosta Rica, iRiphablikhi yaseRwanda, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua kunye ne-El Salvador. Iphelile ixabiso lentengo engaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini kumazwe angaphandle aseMelika. Ngo-2008, ezi zizwe zithunyelwa kuma-26.3 billion. Ivule izithintelo zorhwebo zase-US kwiSitomerika yaseSentral, izambatho kunye neengubo zokungenisa impahla . Ukunciphisa iindleko kule mikhiqizo yabasebenzisi baseMerika. Ubungakanani bentengiso phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-CAFTA bhalisi beyizigidi eziyi-60 zeebhiliyoni ngo-2013.
I-ASEAN Initiative - I- ASEAN imele uMbutho weZizwe eziMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Iquka iintlanga ezili-10 kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia. Ikhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kumazwe alo malungu ukubonelela amandla eChina naseJapan . Amalungu afaka iBrunei, iCambodia, i-Indonesia, iLaos, iMalaysia, iMyanmar, iPhilippines, iSingapore, iThailand kunye neVietnam. Amashishini ase-US namazwe ase-ASEAN akhula abe ngama-182bhiliyoni angama-182 ngo-2008. I-ASEAN Initiative ifuna ukuseka izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nawo onke amalungu e-ASEAN e-WTO. I-United States iye yaxoxisana ngokuphumelelayo nezivumelwano nabo bonke, ngaphandle kweLaos neMyanmar.
I-APEC okanye i-APEC okanye i-Asia-Pacific Cooperation yoQoqosho - i- APEC iquka amazwe ase-Asiya kunye namaMerika anomda we-Pacific Ocean. Amalungu ayo yi-Australia, iBrunei Darussalam, eCanada, eChile, eChina, e-Hong Kong, e-Indonesia, eJapan, eKorea, eMalaysia, eMexico, eNew Zealand, ePapua New Guinea, ePeru, ePhilippines, eRussia, eSingapore, eTaiwan, eThailand naseVietnam. Injongo yalo kukunyusa intetho phakathi kwazo zonke iintlanga zeelungu malunga nemiba yezoqoqosho eziqhelekileyo. Uqoqosho lwe-APEC luquka i-44 ekhulwini yezorhwebo yehlabathi kunye neepesenti ezingama-54 zomkhiqizo wekhaya . Ngo-2010, iimarike ezilisithoba kwiimarike eziphezulu ze-United States zazingamalungu e-APEC. Babala ama-60 ekhulwini kumazwe angaphandle ase-US.
I-MEFTI - I-Middle East Initiative Trade Initiative - I- MEFTI isebenza namazwe aseMpuma Emazweni asekuhlaleni ukuze abancede bafumane iinjongo ezintathu. Okokuqala, fumana ubulungu kwi-World Trade Organization. Okwesibini, ukulungiselela izivumelwano zorhwebo. Okwesithathu, bancede bangene kwiiNkqubo zoRhwebo noTyalo-mali ezikhuthaza utyalo-mali. Amazwe afuna ubulungu kwi-WTO aquka iAlgeria, iLebanon, neYemen. I-United States ingene izivumelwano zombini kunye ne-Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Bahrain ne-Oman.