Indlela Ukunyuka kweeNyathelo eziNciphisa uBill wakho wokutya kunye nokudala imisebenzi yase-US
I-Panama Canal idibanisa i-Atlantic Ocean ukuya e-Pacific Ocean nge-Ocean Caribbean. Ivumela iinqanawa ukuba ziphephe ezinye iikhilomitha ezingama-5 000 ezisezantsi kwezantsi eMzantsi Melika.
Ubunjineli bunzima bunzima. Kungaphezulu kokumba umsele omde kwinqanaba elincinane eliyi-Isthmus yasePanama. Okokuqala, inqanaba lolwandle leCaribbean liyiintshizi ezisibhozo ezisezantsi kunePacific. Okwesibini, iilwandle ezimbini zinamanzi amaninzi. Okwesithathu, i-Isthmus ePanama iphakama ngamamitha angama-26 ngaphezulu kwinqanaba lolwandle.
Ukuxazulula le ngxaki, iinqanawa ziya kuluhlu lwesithathu. Iinqwelo ziphakamisa iinqanawa ukuya eLatun Lake. Bese banciphise iinqanawa ngeenqwelo ezintathu ezisezantsi ukuya kwizinga elwandle. Ngokomyinge, kuthatha iiyure ezili-13 ukuhamba ngomda weekhilomitha ezingama-51.
Kutheni i-Canal ibalulekile kwi-Economics yase-US?
I-Panama Canal igcina ixabiso lempahla engeniswayo phantsi. Oku kunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Izikhumulo ezinhlanu ziphethe i-70 pesenti yempahla ye-ship.
Ziyizibuko eLos Angeles / eLong Beach (LA / LB), eNew York / eNew Jersey (NY / NJ), Seattle / Tacoma, Savannah nase-Oakland. Zonke ezi zibuko kunye nechweba likaCharleston sele likwazi okanye liyakwazi ukufumana iinqanawa zePost-Panamax ngo-2018. Kufuneka kulindeleke ukuba izithuthi ziphindwe kabini kwezi zibuko ngo-2030.
Ukwandiswa kweCanama Canal kwenza inkqubo yezokuthutha yase-US isebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Iyanciphisa ukuxinwa kwi-port / LA Beach Long. Uninzi lwaloo sitrotho luvela e-Asia.
Umjelo uza kudala imisebenzi engaphezulu ye-US. Inika abathumela i-US ithuba elingcono lokufikelela eChina nakwezinye iimarike zaseAsia.
I-Cargo ngokusebenzisa umdanso wandisa i-23 ekhulwini kwiinyanga ezisi-9 zokuqala zango-2017. Oku kwazisa izigidi zeedola kumachwebeni ase-East Coast ase-US. Izithuthi kwiichweba ziphakamileyo ezingama-29. Kuyinto engabizi ukuthunyelwa ngeCanal kunomkhumbi ukuya eLos Angeles kunye nokuhamba ngempahla ngomzila wesitimela kunye neloli. (Umthombo: "I-Betama enkulu yePanama iyayihlawula," iWall Street Journal, Oktobha 8, 2017.)
Indlela Ukwandiswa Kwehlisa Iindleko Zokuthumela
Indlela ekhawulezayo yokufumana impahla esuka eChina ukuya kwi-East Coast yase-US iyinqanawa nomzila. Kuthatha iintsuku eziyi-12.3 ukuba inqanawa ihambe esuka eChina ibe kwi-US Coast Coast. I-Cargo kwisitimela ithatha iintsuku ezintandathu ukusuka kwi-West Coast ukuya kwi-East Coast. Leyo iyonke imihla eyi-18.3. Ngenxa yoko, ama-75 ekhulwini aseAsia athengisa le ndlela.
Ngaphambi kokwandiswa, iipesenti ezingama-20 kuphela zathatha indlela yePanama Canal. Kungenxa yokuba lide, kwiintsuku ezingama-21.6. Iipesenti ezi-5 eziseleyo zorhwebo zaseChina ukuya eMelika zidlula kwi-Canue Canal eYiputa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-US East Coast. Oko kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-21. (Umthombo: "Impembelelo yoKwandiso lweNqaba yePanama kwi-US System Intermodal System," iSebe lezoLimo laseMerika, ngoJanuwari 2010.)
Ukwandiswa komsele kungathatha iipesenti ezingama-35 zendawo yangoku ye-West Coast. Kungenxa yokuba umzila ongenamithwalo eninzi njengemikhumbi yasePost-Panamax. Enye iinqanawa inamaritha angama-16. Ukwandisa umnqweno kwenza ukuba le ndlela ingabi nzuzo ngakumbi kwizinto zokuthengisa iimveliso . Kungenxa yokuba banenkxalabo enkulu kunexesha. Ukwandiswa kuya kuvula imakethe yaseAsia kwimveliso yegesi yemvelo yase-US. Ngaphambi kokunyuselwa, umsele wawuncinane kakhulu kwiinqanawa zerhasi zendalo. Ixabiso eliphakamileyo, izinto ezinokuthathwa kwesoxesha, ezifana ne-electronics, ziya kusetyenziswa iichwep West Coast kunye nomzila. (Umthombo: "Urhwebo eMerika: Ukwandisa iPanama Canal ye-21 Cent Century," I-World Trade 100, ngoNovemba 2, 2007.)
Imbali Yomdla
AmaFrentshi aqala ukwakha idololi ekupheleni kwe-1800s. Bayekezela xa bephuma ngemali baze baphulukana nabasebenzi abaninzi kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo.
Ngowe-1904, iUnited States yathenga indawo yeCanal. Yayifuna ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo kunye namandla emikhosi phakathi kwe-Atlantic ne-Pacific Ocean. Yayihlawula i-$ 10 yezigidi ukuya ePanama kunye ne-$ 40 yezigidi kwiFrentshi. Iinjineli zaseMelika zenze isigqibo sokungena kwinqanawa ekukhuseleni iinqanawa ezivela kumhlaba wee-landslide kwiindawo ze-Andes. Oogqirha base-United States bafumene unyango kwizifo ezitshatyalaliswayo zentsholongwane ye-malariya kunye ne-yellow fever. Yakha imisebenzi yeevenyiliti zetsimbi zePittsburgh, amafektri e-Portland kunye ne-General Electric imishini. Amawaka angamashumi amane anesihlanu amaqumrhu okwakha kunye nenkxaso abesetyenziselwe umsele. Phakathi kwabantu abayi-10 000 ukuya ku-15,000 bafa kwiingozi kunye nezifo. Ngo-1914, iPalama Canal yagqitywa ngeendleko ezingama-375 yezigidi.
I-United States inomdaka ongaphakathi kwilizwe lasePanama. Ngomnyaka we-1977, uMongameli uCarter wasayina isivumelwano kunye nePanama esithembisa ukuguqula umnqamlezo ngo-1999. Umnqophiso wavumela iUnited States ukuba ingenelele naliphi na ixesha ekusebenziseni kwayo umsele. Ngaloo xesha, umda weendleko ubiza ngaphezulu ukuqhuba ngaphandle kokuba ubuyele ngenzuzo kwiinkampani zaseMelika. Izitimela zihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye iindleko zabo zawa. Umnqophiso uphinde waphucula ubudlelwane kunye nePanama kunye nalo lonke elaseLatin America. Kodwa abantu baseMerika abaninzi babona ukuba yi-American retreat evela kummandla wayo jikelele. (Umthombo: "I-Panama Canal Study," Isebe lezoLimo lase-US. "I-Panama Canal incedise ukwenza i-US amandla eMhlaba," i-PBS NewsHour, ngo-Agasti 15, 2014.)
I-Panama ifumana i-R1 billion yezigidi kwii-toll ezisuka kwinqanaba. Oku kuya kubini okanye mhlawumbi kathathu ngoku kwandiswa. Kwabambezeleka ngunyaka. Iindleko ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezigidi ezili-1,6 zamaRandi ezigidi kwi-5.2 yezigidi zexabiso. (Umthombo: "Iintlungu zePanama zeNtshontsho emhlabeni jikelele," iThe Wall Street Journal, ngoFebruwari 18, 2014.)
Emininzi kwimikhumbi yePost-Panamax
Iinqanawa zePost-Panamax zithwala izixhobo ezinama-5,000-8,000. Inqanawa nganye i-14 ukuya kwi-20 iinjongo ezibanzi. Bayafuna imitha ezili-17 ezinzulu. Izithuthi ezinkulu zePost Post-Panamax zithatha izixhobo ezingaphezu kwama-13,200. Ezi nqanawa zithwala iipesenti ezingama-27 zehlabathi. Ukuze uhlale ukhuphiswano, iPanama Canal kwafuneka yandiswe ukuze ihambisane nale mikhumbi.