Xa i-Asset Bubble Bursts, A Recession Typically Follows
Ukulahleka kweentembelo kwenza abathengi bayeke ukuthenga nokunyuka kwimodi yokuzikhusela. Emva kokuba ubunzima obunzima buya kutsho kumqondiso wokuphuma, ukwesaba kubeka kuyo.
Amashishini athatha iintengiso zengqesho ezimbalwa kwaye uqoqosho longeza imisebenzi embalwa. Abavelisi banciphisa ngokuphendula xa bewa phantsi. Izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi liphuma . ukubuyisela ukuzithemba, urhulumente wesigqeba kunye nebhanki eliphambili kufuneka ngokunyathela.
Nceda uqaphele: ukuhla kwe- intanethi yokukhula kwemveliso yonyango kukubonakalisa ukuba ukunyuka kwemali kuqhubekile, kodwa akunakunobangela. Kungenxa yokuba i-GDP ixelwe kuphela emva kokuba ikota iphelile. Ngethuba ixesha le-GDP liye lingahambi kakuhle, ukuhlaselwa kwemali kusenokuba sele kuqhubeka.
Oko ufuna ukukwenza kukuchonga izizathu kunye nempawu, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhume umonakalo. Nazi ezinye zezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokukhula kwemali:
- Iirhafu eziphezulu . Xa amaxabiso aphakama, anciphisa umthamo, okanye inani lemali ekhoyo ukutyalomali. Isona sikhulu esikhulu sasiyi-Federal Reserve, edla ngokunyusa amazinga omdla ukukhusela ixabiso lentela. Amaxabiso aphakanyisiweyo aphakanyisiwe kwi- stagflation yemfazwe, okubangela ukuthotywa kwe-1980. Yenza into efanayo ukukhusela ubudlelwane beli dola / igolide, okwenyuka ngakumbi kuCalulo oluKhulu.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwemakethi yemasheya. Ukulahlekelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kokuzithemba ekutyaleni imali kunokudala i-marketbar yeebhere elandelelanayo, ukukhupha imali kwiinkampani. Nantsi indlela ukukhwabanisa kwemarike yemasheya kunokubangela ukunyuka kwemali .
- Ukuhla kwexabiso lezindlu nokuthengisa. Njengoko abanini bezindlu balahlekelwa ukulingana, kunyanzelisa ukunciphisa ukuchitha imali njengoko bengenakukwazi ukuthabatha imali yesibini. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuya kubangela ukugqithiswa kwangaphambili. Lo kwakuyintambo yokuqala eyayisuse kwiRest Recession, kodwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Amabhanki alahlekelwa yimali kwiimveliso eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yasekhaya.
- Ukuphungulwa kwee-oda zokuthengisa . Imiyalelo yeempahla eziqilileyo yaqala ukuwa ngo-Oktobha 2006, ngaphambi kokuba u-2008 uhlawule ngokwenene.
- Ukuguquka okukhulu. Ingxaki yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mboleko yabangela ukunyuka kwemali ngo-1990. Iibhanki ezingaphezu kwe-1 000 (iimpahla ezipheleleyo ze-R5 500 billion) zahluleka ngenxa yombutho womhlaba, iimali-mboleko ezingabazekiyo kunye nemisebenzi engekho mthethweni.
- U kutywala . Imbewu yenkathazo ye-S & L yatyalwa ngo-1982 xa i-Garn-St. Umthetho waseGermain Depository Institutions wadluliselwa. Oku kususwe imimiselo kwimilinganiselo yemali-mboleko kwixabiso leebhanki.
- Ulawulo lwexabiso lomvuzo. Ngethamsanqa, oku kwenzeka kuphela kanye, xa uMongameli uNixon wagcina amanani aphakamileyo, ukunciphisa imfuneko. Abaqeshi babeka abasebenzi ngenxa yokuba bengavunyelwe ukunciphisa umvuzo.
- Yehlisa emva kwemfazwe. Oku kubangele ukuhlaliswa kwemali ka-1953, emva kweKorea Wa r, kunye ne-1945 yehlabathi, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
- Inkcitho yeTyala. Oku kwenzekayo xa i- Bear Stearns ivakalisa ilahleko ngenxa yokuwa kweemali ezimbini zokulwa . Imali yayinotyalo-mali kakhulu kwiimbopheleleko zetyala . Xa uMoody wehlise ityala layo, iibhanki ezazisemgangathweni ofanayo. Bayeka ukubolekisa omnye nomnye, ukudala i-credit big crunch.
- Ubuncwane be-asethi : Yilapho amaxabiso eenkampani ze-intanethi, izitokisi okanye izindlu zithathwa ngaphandle kwexabiso elizinzileyo. I-bubble ngokwayo isetya isigaba sokudlukana kwemali ukuba senzeke xa siphuma.
- Ukuchaswa , okukhuthaza abantu ukuba balinde ukuba amaxabiso aphantsi. Oku kwandisa ukuCaluleka okukhulu .
Isizathu sika-2008 Ukubuyisela
Ukunyaniseka kweemarike kwindlu yezindlu kwabangela abaninzi abantu ukuba bathenge izindlu abazikwazi ukuzenza. Wonke umntu wayecinga ukuba ixabiso lezindlu liyakhuphuka kuphela. I-Fed ifanele iphakanyise amazinga omyinge ngo-2004. Izinga elincinci lentengo ngo-2004 no-2005 lincede ukudala ibhola lezindlu. Ukutshatyalaliswa okungaqhelekanga kusekwe kwakhona abatyali-mali abaninzi bathatha inzuzo kumaxabiso aphantsi ukuthenga amakhaya nje ukuthengisa. Abanye bathenga imizi abangenakukwazi ukuyibulela kwimali-mboleko kuphela .
Ngo-2006, i-bubble yaqhuma njengoko izindleko zezindlu zaqala ukuhla.
Oku kubanjwe abaninzi bezindlu eziqashisayo, ababethathe imali mboleko ngemali encinane. Njengoko beqaphela ukuba baya kulahlekelwa yimali ngokuthengisa indlu ngokungaphantsi kwemali yabo yokuthenga imali, baxela. Isantya sokukhusela isantya sokunyuka kwamatye amaninzi kunye neengxowa zemali . Baye bathenga i-mortgage-backed securities kwimarike yesibini kwaye ngoku sijongene nokulahleka okukhulu.
Ngo-Agasti 2007, iibhanki zatshitshisa ukuboleka omnye komnye ngenxa yokuba abazange bafune le mboleko enobuthi njengobuncwane. Oku kwakhokelela ku- $ 700 yezigidigidi zokuxhaswa kwemali , kunye ne-bankruptcies okanye uhulumeni we- Bear Stearns , u- AIG , uFannie Mae , u-Freddie Mac, i-IndyMac Bank kunye ne- Washington Mutual . NgoDisemba 2008, umsebenzi wawuncipha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba u- 2001 uhlawule .
Ngo-2009, urhulumente waqalisa isicwangciso sokuvuselela ezoqoqosho . Yenzelwe ukuchitha i-$ 185 yezigidi ngonyaka ka-2009. Kwaye, inqamle ukuhla kwekota kwekota kwi-GDP kwikota yesithathu 2009, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa umnotho . Kodwa, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwaqhubeka nokunyuka kuma-10 ekhulwini kwaye iinkokheli ezininzi zoshishino zilindele ukunyuka kwe-W ekupheleni kwe-2010. Izinga eliphezulu lokungasebenzi liye laqhubeka ngo-2011.
Izizathu zonyaka ka-2001 Ukubuyiswa kowe-2001
Ukunyaniseka okungaqhelekanga kwipr Ngo-1999, kwakukho ukugqithisa kwezoqoqosho kwi-computer kunye ne-software yokuthengisa eyenziwa yi-Y2K. Iinkampani ezininzi kunye nabantu ngabanye bathenga iinkqubo ezintsha zekhompyutheni ukuqinisekisa ukuba isofthiwe yabo iY2K iyathobela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhowudi yokusebenza yayiyakwazi ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kuka-2000 no-1900. Kungenxa yokuba iinkalo ezininzi ngaphakathi kwikhowudi kuphela zineendawo ezimbini, kungekhona ezine ezifunekayo ukuze zihluke ngokupheleleyo le mihla emibini. Ngenxa yoko, intengo yesitishi yamashishini amaninzi aphezulu aqala ukwandisa. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni imali eninzi yabatyalomali iya kuyo nayiphi na inkampani yenkampani ephezulu, nokuba ingaba ibonisa inzuzo okanye ayikho. Ukuxhamla kwiinkampani ze-dot-com zaba ngongqiqo.
Kwacaca ngoJanuwari 2000 ukuba iikhomputha zekhompyutheni ziya kuhla. Ubomi bekholethi ezininzi zeekhomputer zi malunga nemibini emibini. Iinkampani zathengela zonke izixhobo ababeza kuzifuna. Oku kwakhokelela ekuthengisweni kwemakethi ye-stock market ngo-Matshi 2000. Njengoko amanani e-stocks ayancipha, ngokunjalo ixabiso leenkampani ze-dot.com kunye nabaninzi baye bahlawula.
Naphezu kokuncipha kwemarike yemasheya ngo-Matshi 2000, i- Federal Reserve yaqhubeka iphakamisa ixabiso lentengo ukuya kuma-6.25 ekhulwini ngo-Meyi 2000. I-Fed ayizange iqale ukuhlawula amaxabiso ukuya ngoJanuwari 2001, kwaye iyanciphisa malunga ne-1/2 kwinyanga nganye , ukuphumla kwi-1.75 ekhulwini ngoDisemba 2001. Oku kwagcina inzala ephakamileyo xa uqoqosho ludinga amaxabiso aphantsi kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci zamashishini kunye neemali zokuthenga.
Yintoni Eya kubangela Ukubuyisela Okulandelayo
Kunzima ukutsho ngokuthe ngqo apho ukulandelwa kwemali ezayo kuza kwenzeka. Kodwa unokukubethelela kuba kuya kubakho inhlanganisela yezinga elincinci lenzalo eyenza ukunyaniseka okungaqhelekanga kunxalenye yabatyalomali. Ukuba iFed iphakamisa amazinga ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokukhawuleza, iya kuphakamisa umbhobho, ekhokelela ekuphazamiseni nokudala ukunyuka kwemali.