Indlela ukuThuthwa kweMali yokuThengiswa kweMali echaphazelekayo kuchaphazele njani uQoqosho kunye nawe

Iindlela zokuThuthukiswa kweMpahla ezichaphazelayo namhlanje

Ukuxhaswa kwebhanki karhulumente kwathintele uqoqosho ngeendlela ezintathu. Okokuqala, bekuthintela iimali zeemarike zexesha elizayo ezifana nelo liphantse lidale ukuwa kwezoqoqosho. Oko kwenzeka emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba uLehman Abazalwana baphumelele. Abatyalomali bahambisa imali kwi- Treasures yase-US , kubangela ukuba isivuno siphumelele kwi-zero. Ukucima ukwethuka kokuqala, uNondyebo uvumelekile ukuqinisekisa imali-mali yemarike-mali yonyaka. Ukuxhaswa kwemali kubhengeze kwiibhanki ukuba urhulumente uya kwenza nantoni na eyayiza kuthatha ukubuyisela ukuzithemba.

Okwesibini, ukukhutshwa kwemali kuvumela iibhanki ukuba ziqale ukubolekisa kwakhona. Amabhanki anqumle ibhanki ngokuboleka ngo-Ephreli 2008. Oku kwenza ukuba i- Libor ifikeleleke ngokungekho ngokwemvelo kunezinga elongezelelweyo lemali . Ukuhlaziywa komlando wezinga leLibor kubonisa oku kwahlukileyo.

Amabhanki angenako ukuboleka omnye nomnye ayengozini yokungena phantsi. Yiyo eyenzekayo kuLehman Brothers. Kuya kwenzeka kwi- AIG , Bear Stearns , kunye nabakhulu abathathu ngaphandle kokungenelela komthetho. Ngokubuyiselwa kweemarike zemboleko kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza, ibhilikhwe yebhanki yanika ibhanki inkululeko yokuqalisa ukwenza iimboleko kwakhona.

Okwesithathu, yenza kube lula kuwe ukuba ufumane imali yokubolekwa kwemali kunye nemali mboleko yemoto, ifenitshala kunye nombane wabathengi. Ireyiti yeLibor iya kubuya kwizinga eliqhelekileyo. Oku kwenza imali engabizi ngaphantsi kwemali ukuze abantu abaninzi bakwazi ukufaneleka. Ukuthengwa kwabaThengi kwaqala ukuphakama kwakhona, kwaye kwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Ukongeza, abantu baqala ukuthenga izindlu kwakhona, okuye kwavumela ukuba amaxabiso ezindlu azinze.

Iimali zokuxhaswa kwemali zenze iNkqubo yoNgeniso yokuThengiswa kweMpahla yoNyaka . Oku kunceda imarike yezindlu ingancinci. Kwavumela abantu abayi-810,000 abanamalungelo okuthenga ngetyala ukuba bahlaziywe ngezinga elingaphansi kwemali yokuthenga. Kuphela i-57,171 yayingaphezulu kwama-5 eepesenti ekuhlaleni. Kwakunokunceda abantu abaninzi, kodwa iibhanki zithatha abafake izicelo.

Babenqwenela ukuqwalasela abo abanamalungelo aphantsi, nangona baqinisekiswa nguFannie Mae okanye uFreddie Mac . Kungenxa yokuba bawaphephe iphepha elibandakanyeka ne- inshorensi yokuthenga .

Ngonyaka ka-2012, i-$ 35 yezigidigidi zebhankini yenkxaso-mboleko ixhaswe ngeNkqubo yoHlelo lokuHlawuleka. Yanceda abanini bezindlu ukuba bagweme ukuchithwa kwempahla ngokuguqula iimali zabo zokuhlala. I-HAMP isebenzisa i-$ 12 yezigidigidi zeemali zokuxhaswa ngo-2013.

Indlela yokuSebenza ngokuSebenza kwasebenza ngayo

Iprojekthi ye-billing ye-bailout yenze iNkqubo ye-Asset Recovery Programme . I-Nondyebo yase-US isebenzisa i-$ 105 yezigidigidi ukuthenga isitoko esikhethiweyo kwiibhanki ezisibhozo ezikhulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli. Yasebenzisa enye i-$ 245 yezigidigidi ukukhwela i-AIG, iinkampani ezinkulu ze-auto 3, i-Citigroup, iBhanki yaseMerika kunye namakhulu amabhanki asekuhlaleni . Kwakhona kwakha inkqubo ye- TALF .

I-Congressman Barney Frank , owayenguSihlalo weKomidi yeNkonzo yezeMali yezeNdlu, wongezelela oku kubakho ukukhusela abahlawuli berhafu:

• Ukuxhaswa kwemali kungabikho ngaphezu kwe-250 250 yezigidi nganye. Ngenxa yoko, i-$ 350 yezigidigidi yayisetyenziswa ngo-2008.
• Ikomiti yolawulo ilungisisa ukuthengwa kweNondyebo kunye nokuthengiswa kwemali. USihlalo weSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke , kunye neenkokheli ze- Securities and Exchange Administraion , i-Federal Home Finance Agency kunye ne-HUD, bahlala kwiKomidi.

• U-Nondyebo angathenga isigxina sokulingana kwiinkampani ngokubuyisela imali yezemali. Yiyo eyenzekayo. Ngenxa yoko, abahlawuli berhafu benza imali kwi-bailout ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Kwakukho imida emincinci enikwe imbuyekezo yokulawula yamashishini ahlangulwe. Iinkampani azikwazanga ukurhoxisa indleko yembuyekezo engaphezulu kwama-500,000.
• Urhulumente uxhomeke ngokubambisa imali kunye nezinye iimpahla ezathengiwe ngoMatshi 14, 2008.
• Umongameli kufuneka aphakamise umthetho ukubuyisela ilahleko kwi-shishini lemali ukuba kukho na ikhona emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Kwakungekho mfuneko, njengoko urhulumente wabuyisela imali yakhe ngenzuzo.

Abathengi benza imali

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, iibhanki zabuyisela imali yokubambisana kunye nomdla. Iigidi eziyi-250 zeebhiliyoni zinceda amabhanki angama-700 U-Nondyebo wabuyisela i-$ 275 yezigidigidi kwinqununu kunye nomdla.

Edale i-R25 billion yenzuzo kubahlawuli berhafu. (Imithombo: "UMthetho oyiBhili oyi-Deliver," CNNMoney, ngoSeptemba 28, 2008. " IsiHlomelo seNkcitho yeNyanga ," i-US Treasury, Meyi 2, 2016.)