I-Steel iyinsimbi kwaye i-carbon igxininiswe ngezinto ezithile ezongezelelweyo. Inkqubo yokwazisa isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali zensimbi kunye nokuphucula iipropati zayo ngaphezu kwe-carbon steel okanye zilungise ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesicelo esithile.
Izinzuzo ze-Steel Alloying Agents:
Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa zineempembelelo zaso kwiipropati zensimbi. Ezinye zeepropati ezinokuphuculwa ngokudibanisa ziquka:
- Ukuzinzisa i-austenite : Izinto ezifana ne- nickel , manganese , i- cobalt kunye nobhedu zandisa amaqondo okushisa apho kukho i-austenite.
- Ukuzinzisa i-ferrite : I- Chromium , i- tungsten , i- molybdenum , i-vanadium, i- aluminium kunye ne- silicon ingaba nefuthe lokunciphisa ukutyunjwa kwekhabhoni kwi-austenite. Oku kubangela ukwanda kwenani le-carbides kwintsimbi kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa apho i-austenite ikhona khona.
- I-Carbide eyenza : ezininzi ezincinci, ezibandakanya i- chromium , i-tungsten, i-molybdenum, i- titanium , i-niobium, i-tantalum kunye ne-zirconium, yakha i-carbides enamandla e-insimbi-ukwandisa ubunzima namandla. Ezi zithenda zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza isantya esiphezulu kunye nesitye sokusebenza esitshisa.
- Igrafu : I-silicon, i-nickel, i-cobalt kunye ne-aluminium inokunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-carbides kwintsimbi, ukukhuthaza ukuphuka kwabo kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-graphite yamahhala.
- Ukunciphisa i-eutectoid concentration : Titanium, molybdenum, i-tungsten, i-silicon, i-chromium, ne-nickel yonke into engaphantsi kwe-eutectoid ingxube yekhabhoni.
- Ukwandisa ukumelana ne- corrosion : I-aluminium, i-silicon kunye ne-chromium zenza i-oxide ekhuselekileyo kwiindawo zensimbi, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela isinyithi ukuba iqhubeke nokuhlaselwa kwimihlaba ethile.
IiNdawo eziLungileyo zeAlloying Agents:
Ngezantsi uluhlu lwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nempembelelo yazo kwintsimbi (umxholo oqhelekileyo kubakaki):
- I-aluminium (0.95-1.30%): i-deoxidizer. Ukusetyenziswa ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwee-austenite.
- I-Boron (0.001-0.003%): I-agent engqongqo eyenza ukuphuculwa nokukhubazeka. I-Boron yongezwa ukuba ifakwe yintsimbi kwaye ifuna kuphela ukuba ifakwe kwincinci encinci ukuba ibe nomphumo onzima. Ukongezwa kwe-boron kusebenza kakhulu kwii-carbon ephantsi.
- I-Chromium (i-0.5-18%): Iqhosha eliphambili leendleko ezingenasici. Ngomxholo weepesenti ezingaphezu kwe-12, i-chromium iphucula kakhulu ukunyanzeliswa kwe-corrosion. Isinyithi godu sithuthukisa ukuqina, amandla, ukuphendula kwonyango lokushisa kunye nokunyuka kokunyuka.
- I-Cobalt : Kuphucula amandla kumaqondo aphezulu kunye nokuphelela kombane.
- I-Copper (0.1-0.4%): Inkoliso efumaneka rhoqo njenge-arhente eseleyo kwi-steels, ubhedu kudibaniswa ukuze kuveliswe izakhiwo ezinzima kunye nokwandisa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion.
- Ikhokeli : Nangona kungenasiphelo kwi-liquid okanye isinyithi esomeleleyo, ngamanye amaxesha inkokheli idibaniswa kwi-carbon steels nge-dispersion ngexesha lokuthululela ukuze kuphuculwe ubuncwane.
- I-Manganese (0.25-13%): Ukwandisa amandla kumaqondo aphezulu ngokuphelisa ukwakheka kwe-sulfide yesinyithi. I-Manganese iphinda ithuthukise ukuzinzima, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamathambo kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Njenge-nickel, i-manganese yinto eyenziwa yi-austenite kwaye ingasetyenziselwa kwi-AISI 200 Series yase- Austenitic eneenqwelomoya ezingenasinxibe njengenxalenye ye-nickel.
- I-Molybdenum (i-0.2-5.0%): Ifunyenwe ngobuncinci kwiziteli ezingenasici, i-molybdenum ikwandisa ukuqina kunye namandla, ngokukodwa kumaqondo aphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswe kwi-chromium-nickel i-austenitic steels, i-molybdenum ikhusela ukubola kwe-corrosion ebangelwa ngama-chloride kunye neekhemikhali ze-sulfur.
- I-Nickel (i-2-20%): Enye into edibeneyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwii-steels ezingenasiphelo, i-nickel yongezwa ngaphezu kwe-8% enomxholo kwi-chromium ephezulu yensimbi engenamanzi. I-nickel ikwandisa amandla, amandla kunye nefuthe, nangona kuphuculwe ukungqinanga kokuxhamla kunye nokubola. Kwakhona kwandisa ubunzima kwiqondo eliphantsi xa kuthengiswa imali encinci.
- I-Niobium : Ingaba inzuzo yokuzinzisa i-carbon ngokubumba i-carbide enzima kwaye, ngoko ke, itholakala kwiindawo zokushisa eziphezulu. Ngamanani amancinci, i-niobium inokunyusa kakhulu amandla okuvelisa kwaye, kwizinga elincinci, amandla angama-steels kunye nokunciphisa okukhawulezileyo ukuqinisa umphumo.
- I-nitrojeni : Ukwandisa ukuzinza kwe-austenitic yee-steels ezingenasici kwaye kuphuculwe amandla okuvelisa kwii-steels ezinjalo.
- I-Phosphorus: I-Phosphorus isoloko idibene nesulfure ekuphuculeni ukuchithwa kwee-steels. Kananjalo longeza amandla kwaye lwandise ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion.
- Selenium : Yandisa ukonakala.
- I-silicon (0.2-2.0%): Le ironloid iphucula amandla, i-elasticity, ukumelana ne-asidi kunye neziphumo ezinobungakanani bentlobo ebininzi, ngaloo ndlela, ezikhokelela ekugqibeleni kwamandla amakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba i-silicon isetyenziselwa i-agent e - deoxidizing ekwenzeni insimbi , ihlala ifunyanwa rhoqo kwipesenti kuwo onke amabakala ensimbi.
- Sulfure (0.08-0.15%): Ukongezwa kwixabiso elincinci, isulfure liphucula ukutshayeka ngaphandle kokubangelwa kukufutshane okufutshane. Ukongezwa kokukhawuleza okutshisayo kwe-manganese kuncitshiswa ngenxa yokuba i-manganese sulphude inomgangatho ophezulu wokukhenkceka kuneyimbi yesulfide.
- I-Titanium : Uphucula amandla omabini kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion ngelixa ulinganise ubungakanani besinhlamvu. Kwimizuzu engama-0.25-0.60 ye-titanium, i-carbon idibanisa ne-titanium, ivumela i-chromium ukuba ihlale kwimida yengqolowa kwaye imelane ne-oxyidization.
- I-Tungsten : Ivelisa i-carbides ezinzileyo kwaye ilungise ubungakanani beenkozo ukwenzela ukwandisa ubunzima, ingakumbi kumaqondo aphezulu.
- I-Vanadium (0.15%): Njenge-titanium kunye ne-niobium, i-vanadium inokuvelisa i-carbides ezinzileyo ezomeleza amandla kumaqondo aphezulu. Ngokukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwesityalo sokutya, i-ductility ingagcinwa.
- I-Zirconium (0.1%): Ukwandisa amandla kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu bezityalo. Amandla anokunyuselwa ngokuthe kratya kumaqondo aphantsi kakhulu (phantsi kweqhwa). I-Steel equka i-zirconium ukuya malunga ne-0.1% yomxholo iya kuba neendlela ezincinci zeesityalo kunye nokuchasana nokuqhekeka.
Imithombo: i- SubsTech. Izinto kunye neThekhnoloji. Umphumo we-Alloying Elements kwi-Properties Properties. (www.substech.com) Chase Alloys. Imiphumo ye-Alloying Elements kwi-Steel. (www.chasealloys.co.uk)
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