Okuhle nokubi
Ngama-1955, inani lalingama-558,000 izigulane okanye i-0.03 pesenti yabantu. Ukuba ipesenteji enye yabemi yayisesikweni namhlanje, ezoba ngabantu abayi-750,000 abagula ngengqondo.
Oku kunabantu baseBaltimore okanye iSan Francisco.
I ziphumo
Phakathi kowe-1955 no-1994, izigulane ezingama-487,000 ezigula ngengqondo zikhutshwe kwizibhedlele zaseburhulumenteni. Owehlisa inani labaguli abangama-72,000 kuphela. Amazwe avalile ezininzi izibhedlele. Ukunciphisa ngokusisigxina ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo zonyango lwexesha elide. Ngo-2010, kwakukho iibhedi zengqondo ezingama-43,000 ezikhoyo. Oku kulingana neebhedi ezili-14 ngabantu abayi-100,000. Lo mlinganiso wawufana nowe-1850. (Umthombo: "Umlinganiselo: I-Deinstitutionalization kunye neziphumo zayo," uMama Jones, ngo-Ephreli 29, 2013.)
Ngenxa yoko, izigidi ezingama-2.2 zezigulane ezingqondweni azifumani naluphi na unyango lwengqondo. Phantse abantu abangama-200 000 balabo abaneengxaki ze-schizophrenia okanye i-bipolar disorder. Ingxenye yesithathu yabemi abangenamakhaya. Iipesenti ezilishumi ngabadala bezilwanyana abahluphekayo ngenxa yokugula kwengxaki okanye emva kwemazi anxulumene nemfazwe.
(Umthombo: "Ukusekwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye neZifo ezingenamakhaya," iSibhedlele soLuntu kwi-Psychiatry, ngoSeptemba 1984, 35 (9), 899-907.)
Abangaphezu kwama-300,000 asejele nasemotokweni. Oku kuthetha iipesenti ezili-16 zonke iziboshwa zigula kakhulu. Kwakukho imibhede engama-100,000 yezifo zengqondo kwizibhedlele zikarhulumente nezizimeleyo.
Oko kuthetha ukuba kukho abantu abangaphezu kwesithathu abantu abagula ngengqondo abasemagunyeni nakwizibhedlele kunokuba zizibhedlele. (Umthombo: "Ukuphuhliswa komthetho: Imbali engaphumelekanga, iZiko loLondolozo lweZonyango." Ukumiswa komthetho: I-Titanic ye-Psychiatric, "Ngaphambili, ngoMeyi 10, 2005.)
E zintathu
Utshintsho oluthathu lwenzululwazi kunye nolwasezenzweni zenzululwazi olwenzeka Okokuqala, ukuphuhliswa kweziyobisi zengqondo kwaphatha ezininzi iimpawu zesifo sengqondo. Ezi ziquka i-chlorpromazine kunye ne-clozapine kamva.
Okwesibini, uluntu lwamkele ukuba umntu ogula ngengqondo kufuneka aphathwe endaweni yokuvalwa. Okwesithathu, inkxaso-mali yezemali ezifana neMedicaid kunye neMediare iya kwiindawo zempilo yengqondo endaweni yengingqi yezibhedlele. (Umthombo: " Ukunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwabaMnyama: Izifundo ezivela kwiDeinstitutionalization of Hospitals mentally in the 1960s ," iOhio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2011.)
Imbali
- Ngowe-1946 - iNkomfa yadlulisela uMthetho wezeMpilo kaZwelonke. Yadala iNational Institute of Health mentally ngo-1949. Iziko liphande iindlela zokunyanga impilo yengqondo kuluntu.
- Ngo-1954 - Ulawulo lwezoLimo kunye noLawulo lweeMithi lwamkela uTrazine, eyaziwa ngokubanzi njenge-chlorpromazine, ukunyanga iziphene ze-psychotic. Eminye imithi yonyango ekhoyo ngelo xesha yayiyi-electroshock therapy kunye ne-lobotomies. Kwakukho abantu abangama-7 000 abangama-psychiatrists, ama-13,500 kwengqondo kunye nabasebenzi bezentlalo kwi-20 000 kwilizwe lonke. (Umthombo: "Impilo Engqondweni," i-Richmond Fed Econ Focus, Ikota yesibini, 2013.)
- Ngo-1955 - Inani lezigulane kwizibhedlele zempilo yengqondo lifikelela kwiirekhodi ezingama-558,000. Baye bahlushwa yi-schizophrenia, i-bipolar disorder kunye nokuxinezeleka okukhulu. Uninzi lwaba nezifo zengqondo ezifana nobuchopho-mqondo kunye nokulimala kwengqondo kwintlungu. Abanye bahlutha ngengqondo kunye neengqondo, i-autism okanye umonakalo wengqondo ekugqithiseni iziyobisi. Uninzi lwezigulane alukulindelekanga ukuba luphucule lunikwe unyango ngelo xesha. ICongress yadlulisela uMthetho woFundo lwezeMpilo ka-1955. Yayisungula iKomishini ehlangeneyo kwiMpilo yengqondo kunye neMpilo ukuhlola imeko yezempilo yengqondo.
- Ngo-1961 - IKhomishoni yanyathelisa iziphumo zayo kwiNkqubo yeMpilo yengqondo. Yacetyiswa ukuba amaziko ezempilo yoluntu asetyenziswe ukuphatha abo abaneengxaki ezingapheliyo kwengqondo. Uphando lwaso lucinga ukuba iipesenti ezingama-20 zabantu babandezeleka ngenye indlela yokugula kwengqondo nokuxinzezeleka. IKhomishoni ijolise ekuphatheni le ngxaki ukuze ikhusele ukuba ibe nzima. (Umthombo: "Ukwazisa kunye nokukhuselwa kweengxaki ezinzulu zokusetyenziswa kweengqondo nokusetyenziswa kwezinto," uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika, iphe. 57.)
- Ngowe-1962 - uKen Kesey washicilela i- One Flew kwiNest's Cest . Kwakuyibali eliqingqiweyo malunga nokuphathwa kakubi kwisibhedlele sengqondo. Umlobi wayedlala ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe njengoncedo lomongikazi ephikweni lokugula ngengqondo yesibhedlele sase-California. Le ncwadana incede ukuphendula umbono kawonkewonke malunga ne-electroshock therapy kunye ne-lobotomies. Ezi ziyimigaqo esetyenziswa rhoqo ngexesha.
- Ngowe-1963 - uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wasayina uMthetho woLwakhiwo lwezeMpilo eMental. Yanikezela inkxaso-mali yezemali ukudala izibonelelo zempilo yengqondo ezisemgangathweni. Baya kunika ukukhusela, unyango lokuqala kunye nokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Injongo yayikukwakha enye kwi-125,000 ukuya kuma-250,000 abantu. Amaziko amaninzi aya kuvumela izigulane ukuba zihlale zisondele kwiintsapho zazo kwaye zidibaniswe kuluntu. Kodwa ayizange ilandele izibalo ezibonisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-75 zezibhedlele zazingenayo intsapho. (Umthombo: "IiNkonzo zezeMpilo zengqondo," MindDisorders.com.)
- Ngo-1965 - uMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson wasayina i-Social Security Amendments ka-1965. Yenza i-Medicaid ukuxhaswa ngononophelo lwempilo yeentsapho ezifumana umvuzo ophantsi. Akuzange ihlawule ukunyamekela kwizibhedlele zengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe adlulisa loo gulane kumakhaya angamahlengikazi kunye nezibhedlele ukufumana inkxaso-mali.
- 1967 - Urhuluneli waseCalifornia uRonald Reagan wasayina i-Lanterman-Petris-Short Act. Inciphise ilungelo lenzentsapho yokwenza isihlobo esisifo sengqondo ngaphandle kwelungelo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Kwaye kwanciphisa iindleko zeziko lemfundo. Ukuphindaphinda inani labantu abagula ngengqondo kwinkqubo yezobugebengu eCalifornia ngonyaka olandelayo. Kwakwandisiwe nenani elaphathwa ngamagumbi okuphuthuma esibhedlele. Uxilongo lumboze ezo ndleko. Ezinye izinto zilandelwa nemithetho efanayo yokuzibophezela.
- Ngowe-1975 - Ifilimu ethi, "Omnye uFlew's Nest's's nest" I-Jack Nicholson yokubonakalisa i-Oscar yokugonywa kwesigulane esiphathwe kakubi ngokubhekiselele kwimbono yoluntu kwizibhedlele zengqondo.
- Ngowe-1977 - Amaziko empilo asekuhlaleni ama-650 kuphela akhiwe. Kwangaphantsi kwesiqingatha oko kwakufuneka. Bakhonza izigulane eziyizigidi eziyi-1.9. Zenzelwe ukunceda abo abanenkinga yokugula kwengqondo. Njengoko iifali zivale izibhedlele, amaziko agxininiswa nezi gulane ezinomngeni omkhulu.
- Ngo-1980 - uMongameli Jimmy Carter wasayina uMthetho weeMpilo zeMpilo ukuxhasa ezinye iinkonzo zempilo yoluntu. Kodwa lijolise kwiinkalo ezibanzi zoluntu zempilo yengqondo. Ukunciphisa ugxininiso lukaRhulumente we-federal ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zabo abaneengxaki ezingagulanga ngengqondo. (Umthombo: "Umgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu kunye nezifo zengqondo," iMilbank Quarterly, Septemba 2005, 83930, 425-456.)
- Ngowe-1981 - uMongameli uReeagan watshitshisile uMthetho ngoMthetho we- Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act ka-1981. Watshintshe imali kwi-state ngokusebenzisa izibonelelo zebhloko. Inkqubo yesibonelelo ibhekiselele ukuba amaziko empilo engqondo yengingqi aphephisana nezinye iimfuno zoluntu. Iinkqubo ezifana nezindlu, iibhanki zokutya kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho zidla ngokuphumelela imali ye-federal esikhundleni.
- Ngo-1990 - Ulawulo lwezoKutya kunye noLawulo lweeDrug luvumile i-clozapine ukuphatha iimpawu ze-schizophrenia. Oku kwomeleza ubandlululo kwi-hospitalized of the mentally.
- 2004 - Izifundo zibonisa malunga neepesenti ezili-16 zentolongo kunye neentolongo okanye abantu abangama-320 000 abagula ngengqondo. Ngaloo nyaka, kwakukho imibhede engama-100,000 yengqondo kwizibhedlele zikawonkewonke nezizimeleyo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abaninzi abagula ngengqondo babesentolongweni kunesibhedlele.
- U-2009 - I-Recent Recession yaphoqelelwa ukuba inciphise imali engama-4.35 yezigidi zemali kwimali yengqondo kwiminyaka emithathu.
- U-2010 - Umthetho wokuNakekelwa ongenakunqunyiwe unikwe igunya lokuba iinkampani ze-inshorensi mazijongise ngononophelo lwempilo yengqondo njengenye yeenzuzo ezi- 10 ezibalulekileyo . Oko kwakuquka unyango lotywala, iziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokulutha. Umonde ohlawulayo unokuhlawulela njengowama-40 kwiseshoni. Inani lokutyelela abagqithisileyo lingancinci. (Umthombo: "Umda wexesha: I-Deinstitutionalization kunye neziphumo zayo," uMama Jones, ngo-Apreli 29, 2013.)
Iinkonzo
Ukuphuhliswa komthetho ngokuphumelelayo kwanikezela ngamalungelo amaninzi kumngeni wengqondo. Uninzi lwabantu basezibhedlele zengqondo behlala kwiiwadi zangasemva eminyaka. Bafumana amanqanaba okunyamekela. Kwakhona kwatshintsha inkcubeko yonyango ukuba "bayithumele" ukuba badibanise kuluntu apho kunokwenzeka khona. Kuxhamle ngokukhethekileyo abo abane-Down syndrome kunye nezinye izifo ezingqondweni eziphezulu.
Umxhasi
Uninzi lwabo bakhululwa kumaziko babegula kakhulu ngengqondo. Abazange babe ngabaviwa abalungileyo kumaziko oluntu ngenxa yemeko yezifo zabo. Ixesha elide, ukunakekelwa kwezigulane kunika inkxaso engcono kubantu abaninzi abanezifo ezingqondweni.
Kwakungekho mali eyaneleyo yemali kwiziko lempilo yengqondo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho maziko aneleyo ukulungiselela abo abaneemfuno zempilo yengqondo. Kwakwenza kube nzima ukudala nayiphina inkqubo epheleleyo. Iingcali zempilo yengqondo zijongene nokuba kunzima kangakanani ukulungelelanisa izixhobo zoluntu ezazisasazeka kulo lonke isixeko kubantu abanenkinga.
Iinkundla zenze kube nzima ukuzenza nabani na ngokuchasene nentando yabo. Oku kuyinyani nokuba ingaba ukhuseleko lomntu okanye inhlalakahle yomntu okanye loo yabanye.
Ukumiswa komthetho kunye noBulala
Ngaba ukutyunjwa komthetho kungabandakanyeka ekunyuseni kwamatye amaninzi? Ukususela ngowe-1976, kukho ubukhulu obungama-20 obubulala unyaka ngonyaka. J. Reid Meloy, Ph.D., ngumgulana weengqondo owazifundela. Ufumene ukuba ababulali babantu abanesifo seengqondo ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo engapheliyo kunye ne-schizophrenia ukuphazamiseka kwezifo. Zine-paranoid, i-narcissistic, ne-schizoid iimpawu zokukhathazeka komuntu.
Aba bebengabantu abaqhelekileyo abaye "bahlutha." Kunoko, bathathwe iminyaka ngenxa yokugula okungaphathwa kakubi okanye ukugula ngengqondo. Uninzi lucwangcise ukudubula iminyaka. U-Meloy uxela ukuba ukuhlolwa kweengongoma zokuziphatha kuyatholakala. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto ngokuqinisekileyo liyethemba lethu elihle lokukhusela. (Umthombo: "Iingqungquthela ezisixhenxe zokubulala," i-Psychology namhlanje, uEpreli 21, 2014.)
UDkt. Alan Lipman, ingcali yengqondo yezobudlova kwiGeorge Washington Medical Centre, iyavuma. Uthe ukuba ababulali babantu abaninzi bawela kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu. Baye ngaba ngengqondo, i-sociopath okanye i-psychopath, okanye umntu phakathi ko-16 no-25 oxinezelekileyo kwaye enobudlova.
Kodwa imimiselo yokukhusela amalungelo abantu abagula ngengqondo ayinqanda unyango. Ngokomzekelo, iintsapho azikwazi ukwenza umntu ngaphandle kokuba sele zibonakalise ingozi kubo okanye omnye umntu. Abagwebi abakwazi ukuyala abantu abagula ngengqondo ukuba bahlale unyango. Abantu abavunyelwe ukususa izibhamu kubantu abagula ngengqondo abasongelayo okanye abanye. Ukuguqulwa kwezi mithetho kuya kuvumela amalungu omndeni ukuba athathe unyango kubantu abathandekayo abagulayo kunye nokukhusela uluntu.