Ulandelelwano Ngoku Ulungelelaniso Lonke
I-Global Positioning System
I-GPS yaba khona ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Uchungechunge lwama-satellites lubekwe kwi-orbit-geosynchronous -bit - oku kuthetha ukuba bajikeleze ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza njengoko uMhlaba ujikeleza, ngoko bahlala behlala kwindawo enye. Ngaliphi na ixesha, ama-satellites ayisithandathu angakwazi ukubona "indawo". Ezi satellites ziyaqhagamshelana kunye kunye neendawo eziphantsi komhlaba ukubonelela ngolwazi lwendawo kunoma yimuphi ummkeli, ngokungakhathaliseki ukuba lo mkeli udibene nenethiwekhi. Unxibelelwano luzenzekelayo - alufani nokuzama ukulungelelanisa umbane wakho ongenazintambo kunye nenethiwekhi yasekhaya ekhuselekile.
Namhlanje, inkqubo iyaqhubeka. Isetyenziswe kwizithuthi zethu kunye neefowuni ukuba zisincede sihambe-ngokukodwa xa silahlekile, okanye sifuna idilesi. Njengamafowuni kunye ne-imeyile, iteknoloji ibe yinxalenye yobomi bethu esingaze siyayiqonda nendlela yokuhlala ngaphandle. Ukuphuhliswa yiSebe lezoKhuseleko laseMerika ngexabiso elikhulu kumkhokhi-ntlawulo waseMelika, likhululekile kwihlabathi (nangona kubhekile ukukhutshwa kwe-US ukuba izithintele iintshaba ekuzisetyenziseni).
GPS kunye noBucala
Inkcazo yobumfihlo iye yavela ngenxa yokuba ukuthotyelwa komthetho sele kuqalile ukusebenzisa i-GPS ukulandelela abantu abasesikweni ngokubamba izixhobo kwizithuthi (eyabhengezwa ingekho komgaqo-siseko yiNkundla Ephakamileyo yase-US) kwaye ifumana ulwazi lwe-GPS kwiinkonzo zeseli. Umkhuba uye waxhaphaka kangangokuthi intengo ye "intlawulo ye-surveillance" iye yaqulunqwa [IMIBUZO].
Ephezulu, ibonakala ixabiso, kodwa xa ucinga ukuba zonke iarhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho zisebenza kwiinkxaso karhulumente, yinto nje inamba kwifom yeendleko kwi-arhente. Umthetho-mali uhlawulelwa umhlawuli-ntlawulo wase-US.
Ityala le- United States vs. Jones (PDF) lenze umba we-GPS ukulandelela kwiintloko zelizwe. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibanjwe ukuba ukufakela ifowuni kwisithuthi somfazi weMmmangalelwa kubangele ukuphulwa kweSilungiso sesi-4 sokuVikela ukukhangela okungenangqiqo, kodwa ukucinga kwakumangalisa.
I-PI Newswire (isayithi elinikezelwa kwiindaba ezibangel 'umdla kumaphenyi abucala, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, amagqwetha kunye nabaqeqeshi bezemali kunye nabafundi bezemali) baphinda baxubusha inqaku elikufutshane apho icandelo leNkundla ePhakamileyo uSamuel Alito wacashunwa ethi:
[E] ukuza ukuba uluntu alwamkele ukunciphisa ubumfihlo obuthile obunokuba bubandakanyekayo, ekugqibeleni banokuzihlanganisana nolu phuhliso ngokungenakukhunjulwa.
U-Alito ubonakala enomnwe kwi-pulse apha. Asiyithandi, kodwa asiyi kuvula ii-iPhones kunye ne-Droids ukuqinisekisa ukuba sibucala. Kwaye ngoxa uninzi lwamavokuba "... abasebenzisi beeselfowuni banelindelo elindelekileyo lokuba bangasesekiyo," abagwebi bavuma ukuba "... ngokulandelela iifowuni, akukho sikreqo esicacileyo - nje isicelo.
URhulumente akayi kutyala nayiphi na into eplasini yakho, kwaye akufuneki ukuba 'athabathe' nantoni na.
Oko kusibuyisela kumbuzo wobumfihlo. Ngokusebenzisa i-GPS ngokusebenzisa yakho imoto okanye ifowuni (okanye nje ukuthenga imoto okanye ifowuni ngeteknoloji ekwakhiwe kuyo), uyavuma ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokulandelela urhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwabelana ngokuzithandela ngolwazi lwendawo yakho, ngoko ke akuyi kuba nelinye igumbi eliqhelekileyo xa lisetyenziselwa ukukufumana kwi-warrant evelele, okanye malunga nokusebenza komthetho.
Hlalani nikhumbule ukuba yonke into ebizwa ngokuba "intshabalalayo" (apho ulwabiwo lwethu lugxininisa khona) lubekwa khona ukukhusela iMelika kumagqabha, ngoko ke inyaniso yokuba ubandakanyeka kwimibutho yabamaphekula, okanye uye wanceda ngandlela-thile kubo, banelungelo lokwenza ukunakwa kukaRhulumente.
Okucacileyo ngakumbi, ngelixa le mithetho iqhutyelwa ngokusetyenziswa ngokumelene nabemi baseMerika bajoliswe ekukhuseleni, iziphakamiso zikaMcCarthyist zinegunya lokuba izikhundla ezichasene nale mithetho zizathu ezifanelekileyo zokukhunjulwa ukufihla into ethile. Nantsi iphetha ukucingwa kokungabamsulwa.
Ngoko, ngelixa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase- United States igweba eUnited States vs Jones ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweGPS kwakungekho mthethweni, baye bashiya umnyango ovulekileyo ekusebenziseni ulwazi lwefowuni ukufumana nokulandelela izigebengu.
Ukuba ubumfihlo buxhalabisa, okanye uvakalelwa kukuba kukuphulwa kweenkululeko zobuntu, ukukhangela kwakho kunqongophele. Ukucima ifowuni ayifuni ukuvala isici se-GPS. Uya kufuna ukususa ngokupheleleyo ibhetri yakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba awubukeli. Kodwa khumbula ukuba oku, ngokunjalo, kuya kubonwa njengobungqina obuninzi bezinto zakho ezikrokrelayo.