Kukho imithetho embalwa ekhokela amalungelo akho kwihlabathi lekhredithi. Ukuba awukho emsebenzini wezomthetho, mhlawumbi awuyi kufunda yombhalo wale mithetho nganye. Kufuneka ukuba, ubuncinci, uqhelane nemithetho kunye namalungelo akho. Ukuqonda ngamalungelo akho kunye neemfanelo zabathengi, ababolekisi kunye namanye amashishini kwishishini lesikweletu baya kukunceda ukwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwimibandela ephakamileyo.
Umthetho we-Equal Credit Opportunity Act
I-ECOA ivimbela abathengi ukuba bahlule abantu okanye amashishini ngokusekelwe kwimibandela engekho yemali. I-ECOA ingomnye wemithetho embalwa ebalulekileyo yabathengi esebenza kubasebenzisi kunye namashishini - amaninzi amaninzi ayasebenza kubathengi kuphela. I-ECOA ithi umnini-mboleko akanakukunciphisa ekusebenziseni okanye ukubandlulula ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezibandakanya:
- uhlanga
- umbala
- unqulo
- Ubume obuxela ukuba utshatile okanye awutshatanga
- ubudala (ngaphandle kokuba uncinci kakhulu ukuba ungasayina isivumelwano)
- ingaba umfaki sicelo ufumana uncedo loluntu
Ababolekisi banokucela le ngcaciso kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa ulwazi alukwazi ukusetyenziswa ukuba lunqume ukuba luya kunikezela ngetyala kwaye alukwazi ukusetyenziselwa ukubeka imigaqo yabafakizicelo abavunyiwe. Ngokomzekelo, ababolekisi abanako ukunika iirhafu zenzalo ngokusekelwe kumyinge wesicelo.
I-ECOA iyancipha umrhumo wolwazi unokubuza malunga neqabane lomfaki-sicelo kuphela kwiimeko ezithile, njengezicelo ezidibeneyo , xa uthembela kwingeniso yomlingane wakho ukuhlawula i-akhawunti, okanye abafakizicelo abenziweyo kwipropati yoluntu.
Umboleki-mali akavumelekanga ukuba abuze ukuba ngaba umfaki-sicelo ungumhlolokazi okanye uqhawule umtshato. Kuphela kusetyenziswe imigqaliselo esatshatileyo, engatshatanga kunye nokuhlukaniswa.
I-ECOA isebenza kubo bonke amashishini abahlala benisa i-credit kunye namashishini afana nabathengi bemali, abenza imali kuphela.
Ukuba unikwe imimiselo encinci, unelungelo lokukwazi ukuba kutheni, kodwa kuphela xa ulahla imigaqo.
Ngaphantsi kwe-ECOA, ababolekisi kufuneka bathumele inkcazo kubafaki-sicelo abafake izicelo zabo zokuthenga iitaliti. Ingcaciso kufuneka yenziwe zingapheli iintsuku ezingama-60 zesigqibo kwaye kufuneka ifake izizathu ezithile zesigqibo.
UMthetho weNkcazo yeMboleko
I- FCRA ichaza indlela ulwazi lwabathengi ngetyala oluya kuqokelelwa ngayo. Ilawula i-credit bureaus njenge-Equifax, i-Experian, ne-TransUnion, kunye nezinye i-arhente zengxelo zabathengi.
Ngaphantsi kwe FCRA, unelungelo lokuhlaziya ingxelo yakho yekhredithi kwisicelo. Unokufumana enye ikopi yamahhala yombiko wakho weekhredithi ngamnye kwi-arhente yokubika yabathengi. (Ezi zintathu ezinkulu zemali-mboleko zenza ingxelo yakho ye-credit annuity free efumaneka kwi-AnnualCreditReport.com.)
Unelungelo lokunika ingxelo ngetyala echanekileyo kwaye unokuphikisana neziphene kunye nee-credit bureaus ezifunekayo ukuphanda ulwazi oluphikisanayo. Emva kokufumana ingxabano yakho kunye nophando, i-credit bureau kufuneka icwangcise okanye isuse ulwazi olungalungile.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimiba yolwazi, ulwazi olubi lwexesha elidlulileyo kufuneka lususwe kwingxelo yakho yemali emva kweminyaka esixhenxe ukuya kweyishumi.
I-FCRA inika kwakhona imiyalelo yeenkampani ezixela ulwazi kwii-credit bureaus kunye nee-arhente zokubika zabathengi.
Ezi nkampani azivunyelwe ukuba zichaze ulwazi olungalungile, kufuneka zixelele ukuba ulwazi olungalunganga luye lwaxelwa kwi-bureaus yeekhredithi, kufuneka luhlaziye ulwazi olungalunganga olunikezelwe ngaphambili kwii-credit bureaus kwaye awukwazi ukubika nayiphi na iakhawunti oye wazisa yona isiphumo sobunikazi.
Unelungelo lokukwazi ukuba ubani o fi kelele ingxelo yakho yekhredithi. Olu lwazi aluyi kuthunyelwa kuwe ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa luya kufakwa kwicandelo elithile (imibuzo) kwingxelo yakho yekhredithi.
Unelungelo lokukwazi ukuba ulwazi malunga nekhredithi yakho lisetyenziswe kuwe. Ukuba wenza isicelo esisekelwe kwintengo-mboleko kwaye uyacinywa ngenxa yenkcazelo kwingxelo yakho yekhredithi, ishishini liyadingeka ukuba likuxelele , likunike izizathu ezichaseneyo, kwaye ikuxelele ilungelo lakho lokujonga ikopi yamahhala ingxelo yengxelo yemboleko eyayisetyenziswe kwisigqibo.
Unokumangalela amashishini aphula amalungelo akho phantsi kwe-FCRA. Unokufaka ifowuni enkundleni yaseburhulumenteni ukuya kwi-$ 1,000 okanye umonakalo wakho wangempela.
Umthetho woTyala loTyala lokuTyala lokuTyala
I- FDCPA ayifani nesikweletu sakho ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ilawula okokuba abaqokeleli ityala labathathu ( abanokuchaphazela ngetyala lakho) abanokuyenza xa beqokelela ityala kuwe. Umthetho usebenza kumatyala abo, kungekhona amatyala e-shishini. I-FDCPA ngumthetho waseburhulumenteni osebenza kubo bonke abaqokeleli ityala labathathu, nokuba ngabagcini beeqoqo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikarhulumente apho iinkqubo zokuqokelela ityala. Uninzi lwawo luye lwahlukana nemithetho yokuqokelela amatyala.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba i-FDCPA isebenzela abaqokeleli beetyala zenkampani yesithathu, kungekhona inkampani owadala ngayo ityala.
Ukuba umqokeleli wetyala udibana nomntu owaziyo-umhlobo okanye ilungu lentsapho-ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga nawe ukuze bakwazi ukunxibelelana nawe, umqokeleli akavunyelwe ukuba abonise ukuba baqokelela ityala.
I-FDPCA ichaza xa abaqokeleli bamatyala banokuqhagamshelana nawe - phakathi kweeyure ze-8 ekuseni no-9 ntambama ngaphandle kokuba ubanike imvume yokukubiza ngelo xesha.
Unokuyeka abaqokeleli beetyala ekubizeni ngokubathumela ukubhalwa okubhaliweyo kwaye ubalekele ileta ukuba ubazise ukuba ufuna ukuba iifowuni ziyeke.
Xa beqokelela ityala kuwe, abaqokeleli abakwazi ukwenza ingxelo engamanga, bakusongela, bakuxhaphaze, bakubizele ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba bakucasule, okanye basongele ukuthatha nayiphi na isenzo somthetho abangavunyelwe ukuba benze okanye ukuba abanenjongo ukwenza. Ngokomzekelo, umqokeleli wetyala akanakuyikrokra ukuba akugxeke ukuba abavunyelwe ukukugweba okanye xa bengenakuceba ukukugweba.
Ngaphantsi kwe-FDPCA, unelungelo lokumangalela umqokeleli wetyala ophula amalungelo akho . Unokufumana ufike kwi-$ 1,000 ngaphezu kokulimala kwangempela kunye nemirhumo yommeli.
IQiniso kuMthetho Wokuboleka
I-TILA ichaza ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo ekufuneka ibhengezwe kubathengi ababonelelwa ngemveliso yeekhredithi, kubandakanywa namakhadi kunye namatyala-mboleko. Umthetho awuvumeli kumashishini okanye kumakhadi eentengo zemali kunye nemboleko. Ngaphantsi kwe-TILA, umboleki-mali makaxelele:
- ipesenteji yonyaka
- iimali zetyala, kubandakanywa neemfuno zeemfuno, iimali zokugqibela, kunye nezigwebo zokuhlawulwa kwangaphambili
- isixa semali
- ishedyuli yokuhlawula
- isixa-mali sokuhlawula ngokupheleleyo kwimali yomboleko
Ezi nkcukacha akumele ziboniswe kuphela kumboleki ngaphambi kokuba zibonakaliswe ngetyala, kodwa kufuneka zivele ngokucacileyo kwiinkcazo zentlawulo.
I-TILA ayinakuyithintela inani lemali enokuthi ihlawulwe kwaye ayichazi ukuba ingaba ityala kufuneka linikezwe. Kufunwa nje ukuba ababolekisi babe phambili malunga nokuba ingakanani imali ebiza ngayo umthengi.
Kule minyaka, izilungiso zenziwe kwi-TILA ukuze iqhubeke nokukhusela abathengi. Ngonyaka ka-2009, uMthetho weKharityhulam weKharityhulam wenza iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kumthetho ofuna abakhupheli bekhadi lokuthenga ikhredithi ukuba baveze ulwazi lwexabiso malunga nemikhiqizo yekhredithi xa kukhutshwa amakhadi amatyala ekutsha. Ezinye iimfuno phantsi koMthetho we-Credit CARD Act ziquka:
- Iikhampani zekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala kufuneka ziqwalasele ukukwazi ukubuyisela umthengi ngaphambi kokukhupha ikhadi elitsha lekhredithi okanye ukuphakamisa umda we-credit.
- Nika abathengi isaziso seminyaka engama-45 ngaphambi kokunyusa izinga lomdla
- Thumela izitatimenti zokubhengezwa iintsuku ezingama-21 phambi komhla wokugqibela
- Bhengeza iindleko zokwenza iintlawulo ezincinci kunye nexesha eliza kuthatha ukuhlawula ibhalansi kunye neentlawulo ezincinci kuphela
- Umrhumo kuphela umrhumo ophezulu-umda xa umnikazi wekhadi engenele ukungena kwemida elandelwayo
- Akunikezi izibonelelo eziphathekayo, njengama-t-shirts okanye izipho, ngokutshintshela abathengi ababhalisela ikhadi lesikweletu
UMthetho weNkundla yokuTyala ngokuThengiswayo ukhusela abathengi kwizinto ezingenabulungisa kunye nokunika abathengi ilungelo lokuphikisana, ngokubhaliweyo, iimpazamo kwiingxelo zabo zokuhlawula . Nangona iphoso lokubambisa liphandwa, umboleki akafunwa ukuhlawula imali ephikisanayo kwaye akayi kuhlawulwa ngenxa yokubamba ukuhlawulwa kwemali ephikisanayo.
UMthetho wokuThuthwa kweMali
Abathengi abaqwalasela ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zenkampani yokulungisa ngetyala kufuneka bazi ukuba umyalelo uyabakhusela njani. I- CROA isebenza kunoma yimuphi umntu okanye ishishini elithatha imali ngokutshintshana ekuphuculeni ikhredithi yakho.
Ngaphantsi kwe-CROA, iinkampani zokulungisa iitaliti azikwazi ukuxoka abo bakholekisi ngembali yakho yekhredithi. Kananjalo abakunakukukhuthaza ukuba uxoxe ngamanqaku angoku okanye abazayo.
Iinkampani zokulungisa iitaliti zithintele ukutshintsha ubuni bakho kwinzame yokufumana imbali entsha yemboleko.
Inkampani kufuneka inyaniseke ngokupheleleyo ngeenkonzo ezibonelelwe zona. Abakwazi ukuthetha kakubi ukuba bakunikezela.
Akufanele ucelwe ukuba uhlawule iinkonzo ngaphambi kokunikezelwa.
Zonke iinkampani zokulungisa ngetyala kufuneka zikunikezele ngokubhengezwa ukuba iinkcukacha zakho zinelungelo lokufumana ingxelo yengxelo yemboleko kunye nokuphikisana ngolwazi oluchanekileyo ngokwakho.
Ikhamphani yokulungisa iitaliti, ngaphambi kokuqhuba nayiphi na inkonzo, kufuneka ikunike isivumelwano kunye nokuvumela ukuba ufikelele ixesha eli-3 "lokupholisa" emva kokuba usayine isivumelwano. Uvumelekile ukuba ukhansele inkontileka kwiintsuku ezintathu kungekho mali yokukhansela.
Nayiphi na inkampani ecela ukuba unyuke amalungelo akho phantsi kwe-CROA iphula umthetho. Naluphi na ukukhishwa kwakho osayinayo akukho nto kwaye akuyi kunyanzeliswa.
Ukusebenzisana Nabashishini Abaphula uMthetho
Unokukhalaza kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lwezeMali malunga nabathengi beenkampani ezithintela amalungelo. Ngezikhalazo ezaneleyo, i-CFPB inokumisela ihlawuliso okanye isohlwayo kwinkampani kwaye inokufuna ukuba inkampani ibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ibuyisele imali.
I-Federal Trade Commission kunye ne-Attorney General Jikelele okanye ezinye iinkampani unokukhalaza ngeenkampani eziphula umthetho.
Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba unemalimboleko enetyala, qhagamshelana nommeli ukuze ufumane inkqubo yokufakela icala malunga nenkampani ephule amalungelo akho. Funda ngeMithetho yeMigaqo yoKhuseleko yabathengi kunye nezoshishino.