Iyintoni Ingozi yokuziphatha?
I-Concept of Moral Hazard
Ingozi yokuziphatha ivela kumashishini e-inshorensi. Ininshuwalense yindlela yokudlulisela umngcipheko kwabanye.
Ngokomzekelo, inkampani yomshuwalense iya kuhlawula xa ubonakalisa imoto yerenti (kwaye unayo inshuwalense efanelekileyo endaweni). Ukutshintshiselana, uhlawula intlawulo ebonakala ilungileyo, kwaye wonke umntu uyinqoba.
Ukucinga ukuba awuyiyo okanye inkampani yakho yomshuwalense ilindele ukuba umonakalo owenzeke. Inkampani ye-inshorensi isebenzisa iinani-manani ukuba liqikelele ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba isithuthi sonakaliswe, kwaye zithengisa iinkonzo zazo ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa kukho amaxesha apho unakho ulwazi oluninzi kunenkampani yakho yomshuwalense.
Ngokomzekelo, unokwazi ukuba uya kuqhubela ezintabeni kwiindawo ezibi, ezinqabileyo. Ngoko ufumana i-inshurensi enomdla kakhulu kunokwenzeka, kwaye unganenkxalabo ngokugubungela phezu kwamatye okanye ukutshiza upende kwi-brush encane ngasecaleni kwendlela. Enyanisweni, unemoto enhle kakuhle ekhaya, kodwa akukho ndlela oya kuqhuba ngayo imoto yakho kuloo ndlela.
Ingozi yokuziphatha ithi unokukhuthaza ukuthatha ingozi umntu oza kuhlawula kuyo: uya kufika apho ufuna khona, kwaye awuyi kuba nemiphumo.
Xa ungasetyenziselwa ukuba ungasemngciphekweni, isilingo esinokujamelana nayo.
Ingozi yokuziphatha kunye neengxowa
Ingozi yokuziphatha yaba yinto ebalulekileyo (ngezinye iimeko emva koko) ngexesha leengxaki zemali ngo-2008 . Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokucinga ngengozi yokuziphatha kunye neengxowa-mboleko.
Ababolekisi babezimisele kakhulu ukuvuma iimali-mboleko ngaphambi kweengxaki zemali.
Abanye abathengi bempahla yokuthenga ngemali babakhuthaza "ababoleki" ukuba baqambe amanga, okanye batshintsha amaxwebhu ukuba enze ukuba kubonakale ngathi abolekayo bakwazi ukuthenga iimali-mboleko ezingenakukwazi ukuzenza. Ngokomzekelo, ngamanye amaxesha amanani angenakulungelelaniso athatywayo , okanye akukho maxwebhu ayadingeka ukubonisa amabango malunga nokukwazi ukubuyisela.
Kutheni ababolekisi bebanika imali xa bengayazi ukuba baya kuhlawulwa - ngakumbi ukuba kufuneka baxoke ukuba bafumane iimali-mboleko? Kwiimeko ezininzi, ababolekisi bavela kuphela (okanye bathengise) iimboleko. Emva kokuba imboleko ivunyiwe kwaye ixhaswe ngemali, ababolekisi babeza kuthengisa iimali-mboleko kubatyalomali-abaye balahlekelwa yimali. Ngamanye amazwi, umboleki-mali uthatha ingozi encinci okanye engekho nhlobo (kodwa umboleki-mali unenzuzo yokubeka umngcipheko kumnye umntu, kuba abaqalayo bahlawulelwa ukwenza imali-mboleko).
Ngaphezu koko, abenzi bomthetho kunye noluntu babesaba. Baxhalabile ukuba ukuba ezinkulu iibhanki zawa (ezinye zazo zazingummali-mboleko, ngelixa abanye bephethe iimpahla eziyingozi), beza kuzisa umnotho waseUnited States - ungakhankanyi uqoqosho loqoqosho. Ngenxa yokuba ezi bhanki zibhekwa "zinkulu kakhulu ukuhluleka," urhulumente waseUnited States wanceda abanye babo bezulu ngesiphepho soqoqosho: ukuba loo mabhanki alahlekelwa ilahleko ezinkulu, urhulumente wathembisa ukukhusela iifomiti (kwezinye iimeko nge-FDIC ).
Kakade ke, urhulumente wase-US uxhaswa ngemali ngabahlawuli berhafu, ngoko ke abahlawuli berhafu bagqitywa ngokugqithiseleyo kwiibhanki. Ngamanye amazwi, ababoleki kunye neebhanki zotyalomali zithatha ingozi eyayiqhutywa ngabahlawuli berhafu.
Ingozi yokuziphatha nayo yaba ngumbalela kubboleki . Njengoko izigidi zabanini bezindlu zahluleka ukuhlawula imali yabo yokubanjiswa kwemali kunye neziphene ezingenakubalwa , iinkqubo zikaRhulumente zanikezela uncedo. Abantu banokuphepha ukubulela ngokubaluleka kwemali kunye neziqinisekiso ezivela kuRhulumente wase-US. Abanye bakhathazeke kukuba ababolekayo baya kuba neenkuthazo zokuhamba kude nemali yokubolekwa kwemali: babephantsi kwamanzi kwimali-mboleko yasekhaya , kwaye abanye bangalingeka ukuba bafumane uncedo lukaRhulumente abangenalo. Kwezinye iimeko, i- credit yabo ingabandezeleka , kodwa kwezinye iimeko abantu ababolekayo baya kuphuma bengakhange bahlulwe (ngeendlela ezithile ubuncinci-abantu ababolekayo ngokuqinisekileyo bafumana ubunzima bezemali nokuxinzezeleka kwengqondo).