Iyintoni inkqubo yeBretton Woods?
Yintoni eyenziwa yiBretton Woods Ukufezekisa?
Injongo yomhlangano weBretton Woods yayikusekwa inkqubo entsha yemigaqo, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo zokuloqoqosho olukhulu lwehlabathi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza koqoqosho.
Ukwenza oku, uBretton Woods wamisa i-International Monetary Fund (IMF) kunye neBhanki yehlabathi.
Injongo ephambili ye-IMF yayiyiyo
- intsebenziswano yentlawulo yehlabathi,
- ukufezekisa ukuzinza kwemali,
- ukuququzelela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe
- ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nentlupheko
- khuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho oluzinzileyo.
Ibhanki yehlabathi inomsebenzi ofanayo, ukugxininisa imizamo yayo
- ukuphelisa intlupheko enkulu
- ukukhuthaza iindlela zokwabelana ngokuchuma
Bretton Woods kunye neGold Standard
UBretton Woods naye wasungula iDola ye-US njengelizwe lokugcina imali. Ukususela ngo-1944 ukuya ku-1971, zonke iindleko ezinkulu zehlabathi zazixhomekeke kwiidola, ngelixa idola ngokwayo yayigxile kwigolide, ubudlelwane obubizwa ngokuba yi "Gold Standard."
Kodwa, uRichard Nixon washiya i-Gold Standard ngo-1971. Ukusukela kuloo nyaka phambili, iifrendi zehlabathi zizonke zijikeleza, kungabi namali enye enexabiso elithe ngqo-imeko ekhokelela ekusungulweni iimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle: i-forex.
Ngaba iBretton Woods yaphumelela ekufezekiseni iinjongo zayo?
Ngendlela eyodwa ecacileyo, ekugqibeleni akuzange: ukususela ekushiyekeni komgangatho wegolide, zonke iindleko zehlabathi zijikeleza omnye nomnye - imeko engenasimo esincinci ngaphezu kobukhulu be-US Dollar ukususela ngo-1944 ukuya ku-1971.
Ngaphandle kokushiya ukusekwa kwe-standard standard yegolide yaseBretton Woods, akukho mpendulo ecacileyo kumbuzo.
Kubini i-Bhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF ikhona namhlanje-ngokwayo impumelelo ephawulekayo kwihlabathi elincincileyo - kodwa baxeka kakhulu.
Ezi zigxeko ziziko malunga neenkqubo kunye neendlela ezithathwe ngamaziko amabini. Injongo ekwabelwana ngayo ye-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi ibonakala njengokunceda ubutyebi obuthakathaka behlabathi kunye nokunciphisa i-gap phakathi kokuxhamla kunye nentlupheko kwihlabathi jikelele. Abambalwa abahlaziyi-nxaxheba kulezi njongo. Kodwa zombini amaziko atyholwa ukuba asebenze ngeendlela ezingayiphumeli kuphela ezi njongo, kodwa ezidlukisayo imeko zezoqoqosho ezijonge ukuphucula. I-Bhanki yehlabathi, umzekelo, uye waqhotyoshelana neemeko kwiimali-mboleko ezinikezelwe kumazwe anesidingo esinzulu soluxhaso lwezoqoqosho abalugxekayo abagxeki babo baye bandula ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye noqoqosho oluzinzileyo lwelizwe. Imimiselo yezoqoqosho (kunye neemfuno zemboleko) ezinikezelwa ngamabini amaziko ziye zabonwa njengokungakhathaleli imeko yelizwe leentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi kunye neGrisi ngumzekelo omnye udlalwa rhoqo ngabagxeki bamaziko. Ingaba i-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi ngokwenene yabangela ukwanda kwintlupheko yamaGrike ngexesha lokuqala ngo-2008, akukho nto iqinisekile ukuba ngo-2016, imeko yezoqoqosho eGrisi ayizange iphuculwe.
Kukho inkqubo yebhanki kunye neyentlupheko yezoshishino kunye nokungasebenzi kwangaphambili.
Akungabazeki ukuba abanye bakugxekwa. Ngaphandle kwaloo nto, nangona kunjalo, yimbi enye into ephakamileyo: ingabe iimeko zokuziphatha ezikhuseleyo kwihlabathi zifuna ukulungelelanisa imicimbi yelizwe elincinci ngokuzikhusela ngokuzimela kwezoqoqosho? Lo ngumbuzo ojikelezayo ngaphezu kwabo bonke xa uhlola imiphumo yezivumelwano zeBrithton Woods kunye namaziko avulekileyo.