Ukuqonda uMgaqo-mali we-Prudent Investment and Why It Matters
Yintoni eyenza le binzana, elenza ukuba amaMelika athile athile afake imifanekiso yamadoda amadala kumagumbi aneplasgany e-Boston naseNew York, ngoko ke? Lezo zinemibuzo emininzi. Ukuze siphendule, sifuna ukubuyela emva kwinqanaba le-19 leminyaka.
Umthetho weCandelo loTyalo-mali oPhezulu: Indlela owaqala ngayo
Kwiminyaka ye-1830, ityala lenkundla elaziwa ngoku ligqitywa eMassachusetts. Eyaziwa ngokuba yiHarvard College v. Amory , yayibandakanya indoda egama linguJohn McClean, owayeswele iminyaka eyisixhenxe ngaphambili ngo-Oktobha 23, 1823. Iindlalifa zakhe zaziza kudla ilifa elihle, kwaye ekugqibeleni lixabise i-$ 228,120. Kuloo nto, i-$ 100,800 yafakwa imali kwi-stockstock yokukhiqiza, i-$ 48,000 ifunyenwe kwimpahla yenkampani ye-inshorensi, kwaye i-$ 24,700 inotyalomali kwisitokhwe sebhanki kunye nentsalela ephethe i-estate, impahla kunye nemali.
Umkakhe, uAnn McClean, wenza iindibano ezininzi zokuhlala, kunye ne-$ 35,000 ngokuthe ngqo.
Washiya abanye izipho zemali ezingama-27 500. Ngaphezulu kwesi sikhundla, u-$ 50,000 wanikela kuYonatan noFrancis Amory, ukuba babanjwe ekuthembeni , kunye nemiyalelo ethile yokuba batyala okanye babole imali, " kwimpahla ekhuselekileyo neyovelisa , kwimali yoluntu, izabelo zebhanki okanye esinye isitokisi, ngokubhekiselele kwisigqibo sabo esihle nangengqiqo. " Imali engenayo engenayo eyenziwa yi- fund trust yayiya kuhlawulwa kumkakhe, uAn, kwimiba yekota okanye yonyaka-mali yokugcina yakhe imilinganiselo yokuphila esekelwe kuyo nayiphi na eyona nto yayilungele ukuba ngabaphathiswa.
Xa u-Ann McClean efa, i- fund trust yayiza kwahlulwa phakathi kwabaxhamli abancedo . Amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu eempahla zithemba zaziya kuMongameli kunye noMnye weKholeji yaseHarvard ukuseka i-professorship yembali yasendulo neyenamhlanje, ehlanganisa umvuzo wesithuba esitsha. Eminye i-50 ekhulwini yezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka ziphathwe kwiiTrasti zaseMassachusetts General Hospital ngenjongo yokunceda ngokubanzi.
Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo, okwakulandela kwakukho uluhlu olude kunye nolunzima lwentalo-mali, izabelo , izabelo ezihlawulwe njengenxalenye yomnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe ngeSpeyin, kunye neminye iminyango esemthethweni eyayishiye ithemba elingaphantsi kwexabiso xa lalinalo xa ekuqaleni. Emva koko, ngowe-1928, umphathiswa ohlalayo, uFrancis Amory, wanikezela. Ikholeji yaseHarvard yamangalela i-trustee ngenxa yelahleko, ithi imali isetyenzisiwe kwiinkampani ezikhuselekileyo kuphela ukubonelela ngemali engenayo okanye umhlolokazi uAn ngoxa engayinaki inzala yabo njengentsalela.
Inkundla inamathele kunye nabaphathiswa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Xa isigqibo sagqithwa, kwaye siqinisekisile, uJaji uSamuel Putnam wachaza udumo olubizwa ngokuba ngumntu onobuqili,
Yonke into enokufunwa yintrasti kukuba, uya kuqhuba ngokuthembeka kwaye asebenzise ukuqonda okufanelekileyo. Kufuneka abone indlela amadoda anengqiqo, ukuqonda kunye nolwazi olulawula ngayo imicimbi yabo, kungekhona ngokubhekiselele, kodwa ngokubhekiselele kwisimo esingasigxina semali yabo, ngokuqwalasela ingeniso engenakwenzeka kunye nokukhuseleko okubonakalayo kwinkunzi-mali eya kutyalomali ... Yenza into oyifunayo, inkunzi enkulu ingozi.
Umthetho weCandelo loTyalo-mali oPhezulu: Oko kuthetha
Ukukunika ukuqonda okubanzi, ukuqonda ngokubanzi, umlawuli-mali onobuchule uthetha ukuba umntu onikezelwe ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo kwiimpahla zezinye umntu kufuneka athole i-investments okanye aveze i-akhawunti okanye ubambelele engozini ukuba umntu onengqiqo ocingileyo uya kubheka ubulumko; ebenokukholelwa ukuba yinto encinci yokulahleka kwexesha elide zonke izinto ezicatshangelwayo.
Ngokomzekeliso, umntu ophethe i-akhawunti ye-trust okanye i-akhawunti yomthengiso phantsi kolawulo lotyalo-mali onokuqonda akayi kuthengi ithuba elifutshane, ngaphandle kokukhethwa kweefowuni ngaphandle kokuba beyingxenye yerhafu okanye incishiso yokunciphisa ingozi njengoko . Abayi kutyalomali kwi-stocks . Abayi kuzuza izibophelelo ezingenanto .
Kwimeko yesigqibo esilandelayo kunye neenguqu zenkcubeko ekulawuleni utyalo-mali, ulawulo lomntu onobuqili liye lithathwa ukuba lifune ukuba umphathiswa okanye u-fiduciary aziphathe njengoko wayeya kukhusela imali yakhe. Oku kuye kwaphumela kwizikhokelo ezibandakanya izinto ezifana noku:
- Ukuchithwa kweefa ukwenzela ukunciphisa ingozi ehambelanayo , kubandakanywa kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zeefa
- Ukugcina imali efanelekileyo yokuxhasa iimfuno zeemali kunye nokuphepha ukunyanzeliswa ukuba uthengise ngexesha elingabalulekanga, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngendlela ekhuselekileyo yemali efana ne-Treasury bills okanye i-FDIC.
- Ukugweba ngamnye ukhuseleko okanye isikhundla sokutyalomali kwipotifoliyo kwimigangatho yayo yokuzimelela yedwa kunye nokwenqabela nayiphi na into ebonwayo
- Imfuno yokuhlala ithembekile kumntu onokulawula imali, kubandakanywa ukungayisebenzisi inzuzo yakhe ngokwabo okanye kwicala eliphambene nentengiso ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ichazwe
- Umsebenzi wokubeka esweni rhoqo utyalo-mali kunye nomsebenzi osisiseko sotyalo-mali olwenziwe utshintsho olusisiseko kwimeko okanye engozini yokubamba
Yintoni eyenzekayo xa i-fiduciary iphula umthetho otyalo-mali-mali kwaye unokubonisa ukuba ngenjongo yokuba akukho mntu ufanelekileyo unokukholelwa ukuba uya kukhuseleka? Unokumangalela umonakalo kwaye unokubuyisela ezinye ilahleko zakho ngokuwina isigwebo senkundla. Ibha isetyenziswe phezulu ukuze ubukele iphothifoliyo yakho iwele kuma-50% ngexesha elifana no-2009 aluyi kubalwa. Ukhangele umntu othabathembayo, uhlawule nge- debt margin , kwaye ubeke i-50% kwiimpahla zakho kwiinkampani ezikhethiweyo ze-biotech ezilindele imvume ye-FDA yesigqibo esitsha sesilwanyana.