Ziziphi iingxaki zebhajethi kunye neendleko?
Ulwabiwo-mali-olubizwa nangokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwezimali-luya kwenzeka xa imali yokurhweba karhulumente iphezulu kuneentlawulo zerhafu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-surplus budget - ezibizwa ngokuba zii-surplus tax - zivela xa irhafu yengxowa karhulumente idlula imali yayo. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemali kunye namanqanaba okuchitha kunye nokuchithwa kwamanye amazwe atyholwa ukuba ahlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Amanye amagama amabini asetyenziswayo xa uthetha ngohlahlo lwabiwo-rhu lumente zii-balance balance and balance balance. Izilinganiso zaseprayimari zingabandakanyi iintlawulo zenzalo ukusuka kwinqanaba le-equation, ngelixa i-balance balance structure adjusts for the impact of real-domestic product (GDP) utshintsho kwilizwe loqoqosho ukususela kumazinga aphezulu okukhula kwenza ukuba inkokhelo ikwazi ukuphathwa.
Abacumi be-Keynesian bakholelwa ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabiwo-mali luyamkeleka ngexesha lohlahlo lwezoqoqosho, ngoxa nje uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente. Ukubeka oku ngolu hlobo, oqoqosho-mali abaninzi basebenzisa okubizwa ngokuba yi-gap gap measure efanisa umehluko phakathi kokuchitha kunye nokufumana imali njengepesenti yomkhiqizo wekhaya.
Ukusebenzisa i-Balance Primary Primary
Mhlawumbi indlela enokuthenjelwa ngayo yokulinganisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali isebenzisa izilinganiso ezisisiseko, ezisusa inxalenye yecala okanye intsalela ebonakalayo kwimigangatho yezoshishino kwaye iqwalasele kuphela inkcitho yenkcitho kwicala lokuchitha imali. Ezi zinto zenza umlinganiselo ube ngumcebisi olungaphezulu kwexesha elide lokwehliswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye neendleko zeebhajethi, ezibandakanya izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukukhutshwa kwedatha yenkcazelo yezoshishino kuqinisekisa ukuba iibhoom zezoqoqosho kunye nokuhanjelwa kwezoqoqosho ziphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa iprogram zenkcitho zihlala zibangelwa ukungalingani kwebhajethi, ngokuchasene netyala eliqokelelwa kakhulu elibangelwa zizigqibo ezidlulileyo. Ezinye iinguqu ezincinane zibandakanya ukufakwa kwamanqanaba karhulumente kunye nokulungiswa kwemisebenzi yebhajethi eyodwa.
Ekugqibeleni, abarhwebi kunye nabatyalomali kufuneka bakhumbule ukuba ityala likaRhulumente kufuneka lihlale lizinzile njengepesenti ye-GDP ukuze lihlale lizinzile. Ngaphandle koko, iintlawulo zenzalo kuphela ekugqibeleni zizakusebenzisa yonke irhafu yengeniso. Ukuzinza okunjalo akuthethi ukuba oorhulumente mabayeke ukuboleka ngokupheleleyo, njengoko kunokubeka ubunzima kwezoqoqosho.
Impembelelo kubaTyalo-mali bamazwe ngamazwe
Ulwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente kubaluleke kakhulu kubahwebi kunye nabatyalomali ukubeka iliso, kubanikezeli bezikweletu abalawulwayo. Ukubeka iliso kula manqanaba kungenziwa ngokugqithiseleyo usebenzisa i-World Bank ngokufikelela kwi-database ngokulula okanye ngokusebenzisa ii-intlobo zezinye iiwebhusayithi ukupapasha idatha kwiBhanki yehlabathi okanye kwiNgxowa-mali yeMali ye-International (IMF).
Ezinye iimpembelelo eziqhelekileyo zeebhajethi zikarhulumente ziquka:
- Amatyala aMongameli - Ukulahlekelwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kungakhokelela ekuhlakaleni kwetyala eliphantsi, ukuba izilinganiso zesakhiwo zihlala kwintsimi embi kangangexesha elide, ngelixa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukhokelela kumlinganiselo omncinci wenzalo kwityala elizimeleyo ngenxa yokulinganiswa kwemali-mboleko.
- Utshintsho lweKhowudi yeRhafu - Ukulahleka kobunqwenela kufuneke utshintsho kwimali engenayo okanye inkcitho, kunye neyokuqala ibe yinto elula ukuyiphumeza. Ukwandiswa kweerhafu okujoliswe ekuphuculeni ezi ntlupheko kunokuchaphazela kakubi iinkampani / ukulingana.
- Ixabiso leMali - Iimarike zezemali zingaphawuleza ukulahlekelwa ukholo kumazwe azinako ukuxazulula ukulahleka kwezakhiwo, okubangele ukuhlaziywa kwemali , kodwa ukuzithemba okukhulu kwilizwe kunokukhokelela ekuhlalisweni kwemali ephezulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezi mpembelelo kunokuba kufumaneke lula kwiingxelo ezikhutshwe yi-arhente yokulinganisa, njenge- Standard & Poor's , IiNkonzo ze-Moody's Investors, kunye neFitch Group . Ezi ziqumrhu zivame ukukhupha izikwereti zamatyala kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke, eziqulethe uhlalutyo olunzulu lweebhajethi okanye iindleko zeebhajethi kunye neziphumo zazo ezinokubakho kwiimarike zemali.