Utyalo-mali Isifundo 3 - Ukuhlalutya iShidi lokuBhalisa
Ingxelo Yonyaka
Usenokuba uyayazi malunga neengxelo zonyaka , lo papasho unyaka-nyaka ngumqulu okhutshwe ziinkampani eziliqela eziliqela emva kokuphela konyaka wabo wezimali. Kuquka phantse yonke into umtyalo-mali kufuneka azi malunga nezoshishino. Ingxelo yonyaka iqulethe imifanekiso yezakhiwo, iiofisi zesebe, abasebenzi kunye neemveliso, eziqhelekileyo zilandelwa yileta evela kwi-CEO kunye nabanye abaphathi abaphezulu. Le leta ixoxa ngokudlulileyo kunye nomnyaka ozayo. Ukugqithiselwa emva kweengxelo zonyaka kunokuqokelela kwamaphepha eemali, amanqaku omxholo, iitshathi, kunye nokuchazwa (konke oya kuqikelela ukuba uyayifunda njengoko unokukunceda ufumanise umfanekiso we-firmware).
Ukufumana ingxelo yonyaka, ubuninzi bexesha unokuya kwiwebhusayithi yenkampani kwaye ufumane unxibelelwano lwabaTyalo-mali. Ukusuka apho, kufuneka ukwazi ukukhuphela ingxelo yonyaka kwifomu yePolisi okanye ufumane ulwazi malunga nendlela yokuqhagamshelana neenkonzo zabanini-zimpahla kwaye ucele ikopi kwi-imeyile.
Ukuba oko kungasebenzi, biza ikomkhulu le nkampani kwaye ucele ukuba uthethe ubudlelwane nabanini-nxaxheba.
Ifom ye-10-K Ukufakela
Usuvele uqonda iinkcukacha zeFomu 10-K . Oku kubhengezwa konyaka ukuba iinkampani ezirhweba esidlangalaleni kufuneka zifake i-SEC ngeenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuvalwa komnyaka wabo wezimali.
Ininzi yexesha, ingxelo yonyaka iqulethe ulwazi olulula ukululaza kwifomathi emnandi. I-10-K, ngokuphambene, idla ngokuba ne-nitty, igritty, yonke into kunye nekitshini-cima idatha ongayifuna ukuphanda, ukudiliza, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi, yonke into esuka kwimvelaphi yendawo yengeniso ukuya kukhula ishedyuli yeebhondi ezikhutshwe . Abanye abatyali-mali bafumana i-10-K engenakunakwenzeka kodwa ukuba uyayithanda imali, umceli mngeni wokuba uhlalutye kunye neengcingo zoshishino, kwaye ujonge ukuqonda indlela ehlelwe ngayo, ibaluleke kakhulu. Amashishini anzima kakhulu aya kuba namaxwebhu angama-10 a-K aqhuba amaphepha angamakhulu amaninzi ubude.
Ngamanye amaxesha, ungena kwinkampani engenakho iingxelo zemali okanye ezinye iintengiso kwiFom 10-K kodwa, endaweni yoko, inesiqendu esivela into ecaleni kwimiqolo ye ", ifakwe apha ngokubhekiselele". Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwazi lukhishwe kwenye indawo, njengengxelo yonyaka, kwaye bafuna uhambe ufunde khona. Nangona oku kunjalo, kusenelungelo lokufumana ikopi. Unokukufumana ngokuqhagamshelana nenkampani, ukutyelela i-website yayo, okanye ukujonga i-website ye-Securities and Exchange Commission.
UkuFomelwa kweFom 10-Q
Ifom ye-10-Q ifana neFom 10-K ngaphandle kokuba ifakwe ngekota, okanye kathathu ngonyaka (i-10-K iya kuthatha indawo enye yekota).
Iqulethe inkcazelo engaphantsi kwe-10-K ngenxa yobume obunqambileyo bexesha lokulinganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kodwa lunokuba luncedo kakhulu kwixesha elifanelekileyo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ngokukodwa, ifom ye-10-Q ingenza ingqiqo yenguqu eyenzekayo kwishishini ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba olo tshintsho lubonise kwimanani yokufumana. Uyabona izinto ezifana nokuthengwa kwempahla eninzi eninzi ngexesha lonyaka ongekho, kodwa kunjalo, liye lalinganiselwa kumvuzo wonyaka ngamnye wemali ngenxa yendlela eyahlulelwa ngayo imali yesabelo ngasinye. Uyabona ukuba ukubuyiswa kwempahla kuphucuka okanye kukugqithise okanye ukuba i- akhawunti efunyenweyo yokuphucula iyaphucula okanye ifakisha imiqondiso yokulumkisa ukuba kunokuba neengxaki zemboleko kumakhasimende. Uyabona utshintsho kwi- capital work . Ufunda ngamacala omthetho kunye neengozi zomthetho ezingenakunikwa.
Unako ukusebenzisa iiNkonzo zeeNgcaciso zeDatha kwiiMali zeeMali kodwa kulunge ukuya kuMthombo
Le mihla, abaninzi abatyalo-mali bathembela kwiphepha le- balance sheet , isitatimenti se ngeniso , kunye nesitatimende sokuhamba kwemali njengoko kufumaneka kwii-portals zemali; idatha ehlanganisiweyo kwiifayile zeSET kwaye zondliwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiisayithi ze-Intanethi ezenza ukuba zifumaneke mahhala ukuqhuba imali yentengiso, njenge-Yahoo! ZeMali. Oku kunokuba kukuhle kumva kwe-imvulophu, uhlalutyo olukhawulezayo kodwa qaphela ngokuthatha izigqibo ezinkulu ngokusekelwe kwimithombo enjalo. Esinye into, iimpazamo zisasaqhelekanga, ngakumbi xa zijongana nenkampani zangaphandle okanye iinkampani ezingenazo izakhiwo zengxenye zentsebenzo . Andikwazi ukukuxelela kaninzi kangangoko ndibone isivuno sesahlulo singabalwa ngokungafanelekileyo okanye isilinganiso somvuzo -kuya-umvuzo singakalunganga.
Kwesinye, isishwankathelo sezemali asinakubalwa. Kusemqoka ukuhamba ufunde ingxelo yonyaka, i-10-K ne-10-Q ngokwakho kuba kukho zonke iintlobo zezinto ezingenakufakwa kulezi zityalo ezilungeleyo. Thatha i -stock yangaphambili ye- blue-chip efana ne-AIG ngaphambi koKrejista enkulu ngo-2008-2009 xa yawa. Ukufundwa ngokukhawuleza kwengxelo yonyaka kwaye uloyiko lwenkqantosi evela kwi-revenue (ndisayigcina ikopi yam kwiirekhodi zam, ndibona ukuba andinakuzingenisa njani ishishini kuba andinakuqikelela ukuba iziganeko ezinokuthi ziya kuba). Oku akuzange kuboniswe kwiziko lezemali, apho yonke into oyibonile yayingenayo imali engenayo, imali ekhulayo kunye nokwandisa ukuhamba kwemali. Akumelwe ulibale ukuba uyathengela ubunikazi kwishishini, kwimeko yabatyalo-mali , okanye ukuboleka imali kwi-shishini, xa kuthengwa abatyala imali . Akukho zifutshane. Kufuneka wenze umsebenzi kwaye uqonde umngcipheko owathathayo ukuqokelela ezo ntlawulo, inzala kunye neendleko .
Qinisekisa ukuba ucele ingxelo yoNyaka, i-10-K, kunye ne-10-Q ye-Competitors yeNkampani ukuba ufuna ukuyiqonda amandla ayo kunye nobuthathaka.
Olunye uqhinga oya kulufuna ukuluhlalutya lwakho kukucela ingxelo yonyaka, i-10-K, kunye ne-10-Q yeenkampani kwicandelo elinye okanye kwicandelo lenkampani apho unomdla. Ngokomzekelo, kunokukunceda uqonde i-oyile enkulu engcono xa ufunda zonke ii-ooror oil ngexesha elifanayo. Unokuhlalutya izitatimende zemali uze uzibuze, "Yintoni ehlukileyo?" Uyakufumanisa indlela amafemu aneenkqubela ezahlukileyo ngayo . Uyakwazi ukuhlolisisa iinguqu ze- DuPont ROE kwaye ubone oko kuqhuba imbuyekezo. Unokwazi ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi iifemu eziza kuphuma phezulu kwaye ziza kutshabalaliswa ngokujonga izinto ezifana nomtsalane wokuthengisa ngeenyawo zesikwele kunye nokulinganiswa kokufikelela kwenzalo .
Ngamanye amafestile ahlala entliziyweni yakho, ukungafani, kokubili okulungileyo kunye nokungalunganga, banako ukuphuma kunye nokuqwalasela. Oku kuyinyaniso kuwo onke amacandelo kunye noshishino ekukho. Akunandaba nokuba ufunda iingxelo zonyaka kunye ne-10-K Ukutyhila iinkampani ze-ts'olethi, abenzi bezimoto, amaphephandaba, amabhanki, abaqhubi bemigodi yegolide, abaphuhlisi beempahla, iziqhamo zokutya, abathengisi abathengisi, okanye iipaki zemixholo. Ukuba elinye ishishini likhankanya umgaqo-mali omtsha oza kuphazamisa iziphumo ngokubanzi, kwaye enye enye i-glosses phezu kwayo, eyayiza kuphakamisa iiflegi ezibomvu zenkxaso yokugqibela engqondweni yam. Ngokufanayo, enye inkampani inokubonisa ithuba elikhuthazayo elijongene noshishino, ngelixa ezinye, amafemu amaninzi azinzileyo akwandanga nakwezinye iziphumo eziveliswe ngexesha lokunika ingxelo.