Ngaba kulunge kwiiMpahla zeMpahla kuNyana ngokusebenzisa i-UTMA okanye iTrust Fund?
Kwaye kufuneka ukwazi ezi zichanekileyo ezifanelekileyo kwintsapho yakho, okanye yintoni na imeko inokuba nexesha elide, umphumo wendlela ekukhuselweyo ngayo imali, olawula imali kunye nendlela i-capital ingenziwa ngayo ukusebenza . Injongo yam ebhaliweyo eli nqaku kukunika uluvo oluphezulu lwezinto ezinokuthi uziqwalasele xa ugqibe ekubeni ufuna ukunceda umntu omncinci ukuba afike phambili ebomini ngokwakha iphothifoliyo yabo yokutshala imali.
Yintoni i-UTMA? I-UTMA ihlelwe njani? Ziziphi iingenelo kunye neziNzuzo ze-UTMA?
Masiqwalasele i-UTMA. Ngokucacileyo, i-UTMA yindlela ekhethekileyo yobunini obuninikwe phantsi koMthetho woTshintsho oluMnyama ukuya koMntwana kwaye usebenza njengendlela yokuba umntwana omncinci abe nomnini wepropati. Xa i-asethi ibhalwe ngumntwana phantsi kommiselo we-UTMA, umntwana uba ngumnikazi weempahla. Isipho asinakuguqulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba asikwazi ukuchithwa okanye ukuguqulwa.
Nangona kunjalo, ade umntwana afinyelele kwiminyaka yobuninzi njengoko kuchazwe kumaphepha e-UTMA, okanye, engekho i-specification, njengoko ichazwe kumthetho welizwe, akanalo ilungelo lokufikelela okanye ukulawula imali. Endaweni yoko, ipropati ibanjwe egameni lomlondolozi, ukuze inzuzo yomntwana. Ngelixa i-UTMA ingasetyenziselwa phantse nayiphina i-asethi, kuquka i-estate, impahla yezobugcisa, izitye ezixabisekileyo, kunye nobunikazi kubambiswano olulinganiselweyo , siya kuxoxa ngeemeko eziqhelekileyo, eziququzelela umntwana omncinci ophethe iqoqo ezitokisini , iibhondi , kunye nemali ehlanganyelweneyo , kuquka i- index index .
Ngaloo ndlela, indlela elula yokumisela i-UTMA kukuvula i-akhawunti ye-UTMA yokukhusela kunye nomthengisi-mboleki. Oku kunokwenziwa kumthengisi wenkonzo ngokupheleleyo okanye umthengisi wezaphulelo .
Umzekeliso unokunceda. Cinga ukuba uyise oseMissouri, uTomas Smith, wamisela i-UTMA intombi yakhe, uJane Smith. Ukongezelela, cinga ukuba wayefuna ukuzibiza ngokuba ngumgcini, kwaye wayefuna ukukhawulela impahla kwixesha elitsha ngokutsha phantsi komfanekiso waseMissouri u-UTMA, oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala. Ukufezekisa oko, uTomas wayeza kubeka i-akhawunti ye-UTMA kwi-firmware, ene-akhawunti kunye ne-asethi ebizwa ngokuba ngu "Thomas Smith Umgcini weJane Smith phantsi koMasipala waseMissus Transfer kuya kwi-Small Act kuze kube ngu-21 ubudala" okanye into efana nayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba intombi yakhe, uJane Smith, ijika iminyaka engama-21 ubudala, uTomas Smith ulawulo olupheleleyo kwipropati ye-UTMA. Nguye omele athenge kwaye athengise izigqibo zokutyalomali okanye, njengoko kudlalwa rhoqo kwiimeko zentsapho ezizityebi kunye neeposfoliyo ezihamba ngezizukulwana ezininzi, uphumelele umsebenzi kwinkampani yokulawula i-asethi .
Eli lungiselelo linemivuzo eninzi. Oyintloko phakathi kwezi zinto kukuba impahla ingowomntwana, kungekhona umlondolozi.
Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokungafaniyo, kuthiwa, i-College ye-509 ye-Savings Plan okanye i-akhawunti yasebhanki nomzali odweliswe njengomnikazi we-akhawunti edibeneyo, ukuba umfaki okanye umfaki weefayili ekhuselekileyo, i-asethi ayithathwa njengenxalenye yendawo yokuchitha imali ngenxa yokuba umntwana. Oku kuthetha ukuba imali ayifumanekanga kubanini bemali (okanye, ukuba ngaba umzali ongekho mgcini, umgcini-mboleko) kufuneka ukuba isiteleka sezimali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithetha ukuba i-asethi iya kubalwa nomntwana xa ubala ukufaneleka kwemali yeekholeji.
Inyaniso yokuba impahla ye-UTMA ingowomntwana iphinda ifake uxanduva oluthile kunye nobunzima. Izinto ezimbini zifika engqondweni ngokukhawuleza.
Okokuqala: Njengomgcini we-UTMA, uTomas unyanzelekile ngumthetho ukuba enze njengenkohlakalo kuJane.
Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ahlale ebeka umdla wentombi yakhe ngaphezu kweyakhe njengoko ibhekiselele kwimpahla echaphazelekayo. Oku kuyinyani nokuba uTomas nguye owayesenza isipho esiba yipropati ye-UTMA. Le ngongoma efuna ukugqitywa kwaye iphinde iphindwe. Uyakhumbula ukuba ufunde kwisiqendu esithiwa Ukuba usebenzisa imali ye-UTMA yabantwana bakho, mhlawumbi uphula uMthetho , uJane unamalungelo athile. Xa efikelela kwiminyaka apho i-UTMA iphelela khona, unokucela inkundla ukuba "iphoqele i-accounting" kwi-trustee, uyise. Oku kuthetha ukuba uyise uya kufuneka avelise amaxwebhu kunye neerisiti ezibonisa apho yonke imali ye-UTMA imali yahamba-ingaba ifunyenwe kangakanani, ingaba yayichithwa kangakanani, imali eninzi ityalwe ngayo, imihla yezo ntengiselwano, ukwenziwa kotyalo-mali, njl njl. - ukulungelelanisa ukuba nayiphi na enye isetyenzisiwe kuJane njengomdla wakhe. Ukongezelela, ubuncinane inkundla inokufumana ukuba izibophelelo ezifunekayo uTomas njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo yokuba ngumzali, njengeendleko zonyango ukugcina ubomi bukaJane, kufuneka zivela kuTomas kwaye zingekho kwimali ayinike yona i-UTMA njengoko usebenzisa Ukugqibela kuya kuba ngumyinge kwintombi yakhe. Kukho imeko apho iinkundla zenze i-UTMA ukuba zibuyisele umntwana zonke iimali ezibiweyo okanye ezibiweyo kunye nomdla kunye / okanye imali engenayo engaphambili. (Inyaniso ongeyayiva malunga neemeko ezibuhlungu ngokuphindaphindiweyo yinto enomxholo wokuba abantwana abaninzi abanqweneli ukuzama ukuthumela umzali wabo entolongweni kodwa bangenzi mpazamo, iimeko ezinokubakho komthetho kunye nezobugebengu zikhona.)
Okwesibini: Ngenxa yezinto eziyimpahla yomntwana, oku kuthetha ukuba umntwana uphelele, kwaye uzalisekile, ukulawula indlela ezo zinto ezisetyenziswa ngayo xa efikelela kwiminyaka apho i-UTMA iphela khona. Ukuba ubeka imali kwi-UTMA elindele ukuba unyana wakho okanye intombi yakho aye esikolweni samazinyo, akukho nto ibenza ukuba bangathathi imali, baqhube eLas Vegas, kwaye bachithe konke ekupheleni kweveki ye-debacle yokugqithisa nokugqatha. Le yintengo omele uyihlawule ngokukhululeka kwe-UTMA yokulawula, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nokuzigcina ungenakukwazi ukugcina yonke ixesha lokuphila kwayo (ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ujongene nezinto ezinobulungisa ezinjengeempahla eziqhelekileyo kunye nezibophelelo zoshishino ezigcinwe yimali iziko elibonelela ngeengxelo zeakhawunti rhoqo). Kukho iindlela zokunciphisa le nkxalabo kodwa zilinganiselwe. KwiPennsylvania, umzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuseka i-UTMA phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezingayi kugqiba de kube umntwana afinyelele kwiminyaka eyi-25, ekhulile kakhulu kunokuba ivumelekile kwezinye iindawo ezininzi.
Nangona kukho inkcazo ekhohlisayo kwaye engalunganga - abacebileyo banokukwazi ukusebenzisa ama-UTMA kunabampofu, banikeze abantwana babo imali, ipropati okanye i-securities ngokusebenzisa i-UTMA - i-UTMA ichazwe njengengxowa-mali yesigxina " kuba zinikela ezinye zeenzuzo zekhredithi ye-trust ngaphandle kweendleko ezininzi kunye neemfuno zokugcina. Enyanisweni, abantwana bobutyebi banakho u-UTMA kunye nethemba lemali.
Yintoni iFund Trust? Iingxowa-mali zithemba njani? Ziziphi iingenelo kunye neziNzuzo zeTrust Fund?
Ithemba liyakhiwe esemthethweni eyenziwa xa i-asethi isetyenziselwe inzuzo yomntu ongalawulwayo ezo zinto. Ngokukodwa, makhe sijonge kwiimali ze-vivos trust, ezithembekileyo ezidalwe ngexesha lobomi bomniki-mali. Kule meko, umntu, owaziwa njengomniki-mali, unquma ukuba ufuna ukubeka eceleni impahla-imali, i-real estate, i-securities, akunandaba - ukuzuza omnye umntu okanye iqela labantu, abaziwa ngokuba ngabaxhamli okanye abaxhamli. Umnikezeli ufuna ukuba le propati ilawulwe ngendlela ethile, ngokwemigangatho ethile yemigaqo, ukuthobela iimfuno zabo. Amagqwetha omniki-mali anikezela uxwebhu olusemthethweni olubizwa ngokuba yi-trust tool. Esi sixhobo sithemba sichaza inani kunye neenkcukacha malunga nokuthembana, okungaquka imiyalelo malunga nokuba imali iya kutyalwa njani, iimeko apho imali iza kuhanjiswa khona, kunye nayiphi na inani lezinto ezongezelelweyo. Isixhobo sokuthembela sichaza i-trustee, umntu okanye isikhungo esiphethe isihloko kwizinto eziphathekayo ukuze kuzuze abaxhamli kwaye ngubani okanye omele enze ngokusemandleni. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-trust iya kuthiwa igama elithi "umkhuseli wethenda", ngokuqhelekileyo ungumhlobo osapho osondeleyo, onokukwazi ukususa umphathiswa okanye enze imisebenzi ethile ukuze asebenze njengetekisi kumandla ka-trustee. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa kungekho njalo, umnini-mali uya kuba ngumphathiswa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, ebiza umphathiswa oyimbeko ukuba athathe xa sele efile okanye engakwazi ukukhubazeka.
Ukuba ithemba elingenakuguquka, elithetha ukuba alinakuguqulwa okanye lingadluli, i-trust iyakufumana irejista kwinombolo yayo yokuchongwa kwentela, ifake ibuyiselo yerhafu yayo kunye noorhulumente baseburhulumenteni kunye noorhulumente, kwaye ihlawule irhafu kwimivuzo ethile engabonwanga. Inkokhelo yentlawulo yerhafu yenkxaso-mali ixinyiwe kwaye i-trust ithoxise iibhakethi eziphezulu ngaphezulu ngokuthe ngangoko kunokuba ungayifaka kunye neentlawulo zerhafu. Oku kwakuyimiphumo yeCongress of desire, ukusuka kwipolisi yomgaqo-karhulumente, ukuphepha ukudala izikholo ezazibandakanya ezingenasigxininiso kwizizukulwana, ukuqokelela inani elinyanyekayo lenkunzi kunye nokudala i-aristocracy yanamhlanje. Ukucinga kukuthi ngokukhuthaza kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kweempahla zithemba, imali ingasetyenziselwa okanye ixhaswe, ixhamle uluntu.
Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa i-fund trust yiyo yokuba ikwazi ukuhlawulela umntu ukuba ihlangabezane neemfuno zakho. Oko kukuthi, unokwenza isisombululo malunga nesisombululo esinikezelweyo sokuba asiyikuphulaphula ukugweba komgwebo ukuba kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nomgaqo-nkqubo womntu; umzekelo, awukwazi ukubeka umvuzo kwiintlawulo zemali ezixhaswa ngumntu onokufumana inxalenye yecawa ethile, ukutshata nomnye umhlanga ofanayo, okanye abenqatshelwe ukuba batshata nomntu ofanayo. Ngokomzekelo, unokwenza oko kuthiwa "intembelelo yokukhuthaza inzuzo" eyenza ukuhlawula ngokusekelwe kumxhamli kufinyelela kwizinto ezintle zobomi, ezifana nokugqwesa kwiminyaka emine yunivesithi ngexesha elingaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ngebanga elithile elincinci umyinge wokulinganisela okanye udibanisa imali abayifake kwiakhawunti yomhlala-phantsi kwi-dollar-to-dollar basis, ngokubanika imali yokuzonwabisa.
Ngaphandle kobunzima obongezelelweyo bolawulo, imali ye-trust ine-lowside downside, eyindleko. Iingxowa zifuna ixesha, umgudu, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamatyala. Iiprasti, ingakumbi abaphathiswa beengcali, zihlala zihlawulwa. Umzekelo, ukuba unayo i-vanilla trust fund ecacileyo ngqo-umzekelo, ushiya imali engama-$ 500,000 kumntwana okanye umntakwabo kunye neepesenti ezingama-3 zokuhlawula ukuqala ngomhla wokuzalwa kwabo wesi-21 kunye nethemba lokuhambisa yonke impahla yayo ngomhla wokuzalwa wama-30 - ungasebenzisa iinkonzo zendawo efana neVanguard. Kwimeko yeVanguard, ulahlekelwa lukhulu lwezakhono zokuthenga izithenjwa zomntu ngamnye, kodwa, ngokuxhomekeke kwixabiso leendleko zemali ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo, iindleko zakho zonke ezibandakanya ngaphandle kweerhafu mhlawumbi ziya kuqhuba malunga nama-1.57 ekhulwini ngonyaka yinqununu, eyona nto ibalulekileyo. (Le nto ayiyiphakamiso yeVanguard. Ndiyisebenzisa nje ukubonisa isiseko senkcitho yezona zinto eziphambili kwiqela elilawulayo lwee-asethi ezinokukwazi ukukhonza njengomphathiswa wengcali.) Ukuba unokholo olunzima kakhulu, ezo ntlawulo zingaba ziphakamileyo kakhulu kodwa oko kukuphela kokuphila. Jongana nayo okanye ulungiselele ukugqithisa ereyeni lakho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unomrhwebi ophumelelayo onobubele obunzima-into eyaziwayo eyenzekayo - cinga ukuba ushiye amashumi amawaka ehektare ze-timberland zenzelwe ukuzuza abantwana abaninzi kubundlelwane obuninzi ngendlela umzali osemthethweni yomntwana wayengenakho ukufikelela kwimali, ukuncedisa ukuqinisekisa ukusukela entwasahlobo, kunye ne-spring yakho kuphela, iphelile isityebi. Ekugqibeleni kwakho, loo mithombo yendalo kufuneka ilawulwe kwaye / okanye ithengiswe. Ukuba unemiqathango eninzi yokulungiswa kwi-trust, kuya kuthatha ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza kwaye uyayiqwalasela. Yilungele ukuhlawula ngokubanzi; amanqaku amaphesenti amaninzi ngonyaka ayinakucingwa. Yindleko yokubonelela uxolo kwengqondo ukuba umsebenzi wakho wokuphila awuyi kuhlanjululwa. Okanye, ubuncinci, ukuba amathuba omsebenzi wakho wobomi ahlanjululwa kakhulu kwaye anqunywe omnye okanye abaxhamli abaninzi. Ndiza kubonisa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba le akuyona indawo ongathanda ukuyithatha ibhidi eliphantsi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, qiniseka ukuba iindleko zifanelekileyo kwaye zihambelana nemigangatho yoshishino kodwa, ekuhlalutyweni kokugqibela, imodeli yenkonzo kunye nemisebenzi enomsebenzi njengokuba utyalo-mali luhambelana nomlinganiselo wokuba ujongene nemeko efana nechazwe. Ukuba ukungaphantsi kwe-S & P 500 nge-2 ekhulwini ngonyaka kuyindleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba ilifa lomntwana alipheli kwizandla zomntu osekude naye, mhlawumbi imali ingasetyenziswa kakuhle.
Okushiya Umbuzo - Okubaluleke Kona, i-UTMA okanye i-Trust Fund?
Njengoko usenokukrokra, ukugqiba ukuba i-UTMA okanye i-fund yebhanki ibhetele kunoma yiphina imeko encike kwiimeko ezininzi. Ezi zintathu zibalulekileyo zi:
- Isixa semali ocinga ngokubeka eceleni komntwana omncinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa kungekho njalo, ixabiso elincinci, mhlawumbi uya kufuna ukuhamba ne-UTMA nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi ziintsapho ezibutyebi ezixhaphazela kakhulu kwii-UTMA, zibambisana ngeemali zethemba ezithile iinjongo.
- Imingcele ofuna ukuyifaka kwimali. Ukuba unyanzelisa ukuba imali isetyenziselwe injongo ethile-kwakhona, ngaphakathi kwemida yomgaqo-nkqubo evunyelwe yijaji njengokuba imali ethembekileyo ayikho eyakho - i-UTMA ayiyi kuba yinto efanelekileyo.
- Isidingo sokukhuselwa kwempahla. Amagqwetha abalungileyo anokusebenzisa iimali zethenda kwiindlela ezinengqiqo zokukhusela abaxhamli ngaphaya kwezinto ezinokwenzeka nge-UTMA. Oku akunako ukuhlala kulungele ukusukela kwindawo yokujonga impucuko - umzekelo, umfundi ophakamileyo wesikolo onxilayo, oqhubayo, kunye nokubulala umntu mhlawumbi unokuba nezinto ze-UTMA ezifikelelwe kumgwebo wokugwetyelwa apho kunokuba nzima kunene ukuya ukuthembela ngokuchanekileyo, ngokukodwa ukuba kukho abaxhamliweyo okanye abasalayo. (Xa uxoxa ngemali yokwethemba, i-restindermen ngabantu abazuze ifa lokuthembela kwimeko apho umzuzi uyafa.Umzekelo, ukuba wenza i-trust ethe yangenisa inzuzo yobomi kumntwana wakho, waza wathi, ekufeni kwakhe, yonke inqununu kwakufuneka ukuba aye kubantwana bakhe, okanye, mhlawumbi, inceba, abantwana okanye inkululeko yayiza kuba yintsimilelo.)
Kwimeko nayiphi na indawo, le yindawo ekufuneka ube neengxoxo ezinzulu kunye nabacebisi bakho abafanelekileyo, kubandakanywa nommeli wezindlu, i-CPA ekwazi ukuhlawulwa kwentlawulo, kwaye, ngokuxhomekeka kwiimpahla, mhlawumbi umcebisi-mali obhalisiweyo, ngokukodwa ukuba ujongene nemali enentsingiselo.