Ukusuka eRajasthan ukuya eManzibury: iminyaka engama-2000 yobhedu
Iimbumba ze- Copper - zinc ziveliswe ekuqaleni kwe-5 millennia BC eChina kwaye zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimpuma ne-Asia ephakathi nge-2 ne-3 leminyaka BC. Noko ke, ezi zinto zingabhekiswa ngokubhetele njenge 'alloys zemvelo,' kuba akukho bungqina bokuba abavelisi babo baqaphela ngokugqithiseleyo ithusi kunye ne-zinc. Esikhundleni saloo nto, mhlawumbi ukuba ama-alloys atyunjwa kwi-zinc-rich rires ores, evelisa izitya zethusi ezingenakucala.
Imibhalo yamaGrike namaRoma ibonisa ukuba ukuveliswa ngamabomu ama-allofana afana nobhedu lwanamhla, usebenzisa ubhedu kunye ne-zinc ene-oxide-ore eyaziwa njenge-calamine, yaqala ngekhulu le-1 BC.
I-Calamine ithusi yenziwa nge-process cementation, apho ubhedu buchithwa khona kwi-crucible kunye nomhlaba we-smithsonite (okanye i-calamine). Emazingeni aphezulu aphezulu, i-zinc ekhoyo kwi-ore enjalo iyavutha kwaye iguqulwe ubhedu, ngaloo ndlela ivelise ubhedu obunqwenelekayo phakathi kwe-15 ne-30 ekhulwini kwimixholo ye-zinc.
Kungekudala emva kokuba amaRoma sele afumene indlela yokuvelisa ubhedu, i-alloy yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwimali kwiindawo zeTurkey zanamhlanje. Iimali zeBrass zikhawuleza zi sasaza kulo lonke elaseMbusweni waseRoma, kwaye kukho ubungqina bokuba i-calamine yokuvelisa ithusi yanyuka iYurophu phantsi kwegunya laseRoma.
Emva kokuwa koBukumkani baseRoma, ukuveliswa kwendawo eqhubekayo eYurophu, kodwa kungekudala.
Ukuveliswa kweBrass kwi-subcontinent yaseNdiya iphinda ibuyele kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC, kwaye ilapha apho inkqubo yokutshiza 'i-speltering' yobhedu kukholelwa ukuba iqale iqulunqwe. Ngokuchasene nenkqubo yokumiswa eyenza i-calamine ithusi, i-speltering yindlela eyenza ngokuthe ngqo i-zinc metallic zinc ngobhedu.
I-speltering yavumela abenzi beethusi ukuba babe nolawulo olukhulu malunga nomxholo we-zinc kwaye ngoko ke, iipropati ze-alloy zethusi eziveliswayo. Le nkqubo, nangona kunjalo, yayixhomekeke ekufumanekeni kwincinci yensimbi, eyafumaneka e-Asia kwiiklasi ngaphambi kokuba ibonakale eYurophu.
Ngokuveliswa kweemveliso zincinci zensimbi ezenzeka kufuphi neZawar, eRajasthan ngekhulu le-14, kukholelwa ukuba i-spelter yokuqala yethusi nayo yaveliswa apha ngeli xesha.
Kuze kube yimhla, ubungqina bokuqala bokuveliswa kwemveliso yobhedu buyi-astrolabe eyenziwa eLahore malunga ne-1600.
Emuva eYurophu, ngaphambi kokufika kwesilivere negolide kwihlabathi elitsha, ubhedu basetyenziswa njengetsimbi exabisekileyo ukuhlobisa izikhumbuzo zebandla kunye namangcwaba.
Ukukhula kwemfuno kwaholela ekuveliseni imveliso eJamani naseBelgium ngelixa le-15 neye-16 leminyaka, kwaye ngowe-1559 idolophu yaseAachen eJamani yayinamandla okuvelisa ngaphezu kweetrikriyoni ezili-13 000 zethusi ngonyaka. Okwangoku, amaxwebhu avela kwangexesha elifanayo abonisa ukuba ubuninzi beethusi zokuthuthwa kweethusi babathunyelwa eNtshona Afrika, bebonisa ukuphuhliswa kwemfuno yehlabathi jikelele yobhedu.
Nangona iingu-zinc ingotshi zaseChina naseIndiya zithunyelwa eYurophu kwangoko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, akukho bungqina bokuba i-metallurgists idibanise phakathi kwe-zinc kwi-calamine ore ne-zinc zensimbi ngelo xesha.
Kwakukho iinzame ezininzi zokukhula kwemveliso yobhedu e-UK ukusuka kwimveliso yayo yokuqala kwi-Tintern Abbey wireworks ngo-1568 kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqothulwa kweMines Royal Inkampani ngo-1689. Kodwa bekungekho emva kokuphuculwa kobungqina bebheyili yesiNgesi eyenziwa ekuqaleni Ngekhulu le-18 xa ukubhebhelwa kwebhedu kwaqala ukuphumelela kwimimandla ejikeleze iBristol, Swansea kunye neBirmingham.
Ngo-1738 uWilliam Champion wayelungelelanisa indlela ye-distillation ye-metallic zinc, eyayivelisa ngobuninzi, kodwa kwada kwafika ngo-1781 ukuba i-patent yokubhebhetheka ithusi yanikezelwa kuYames Emerson. Nangona kungenjalo okokuqala kungamkelekanga, ikakhulu ngenxa yeendleko zemveliso, kule minyaka engama-70 elandeleleneyo ihluma ngokukhawuleza i-cementation njengendlela yokuphambili yokuvelisa i-alloys zobhedu.
Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwamashishini, kwakukho izicelo ezincinci ezifanelekileyo ngokubhedule.
Enye into enjalo, kunjalo, kwizikhonkwane zecandelo leboya. Umtshini wokubhedulela u-Esher, eSurrey, eNgilani oye waqala ngo-1697, okhethekileyo ekuveliseni izikhonkwane ezinjalo.
Imveliso yeBrass eMelika yaqala emva kokuzimela kwaye yaqhutywa yinkcitho yamacwecwe obhedu eenjompi zempi. Ngexesha le-1800s, i-Waterbury, Connecticut yavelisa ishishini elikhulu elibhekiselele kubhedu, ukuvelisa amawashi, amaqhosha kunye nezibane.
Iipropati ezizodwa zeBrass ziza kubangela ukuba zisetyenziswe ekuveliseni izixhobo ezininzi zobugcisa, njengeewashi, amawashi, i-chronometers kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba ngeendlela.
Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, amabakala amasha kunye nancinci ye-alloy, efana nezibhebhe zokusika ezikhululekile zanamhlanje, zaveliswa kwaye zafunyanwa ekusebenziseni njengezikhonkwane zeenqanawa zokhuni. I-Cutty Sark, i-tea clipper eyaziwayo eyayithwala impahla phakathi kweNgilani ne-Australia kwixa-nxalenye yesibini ye-19 leminyaka, yatshitshiswa kwi-metal ye-Muntz, i-60/40 ye-alloy patented patented ngo-1832.
Olunye usebenziso olukhulu lobhedu lwaluza kunye nophuhliso lwee-cartridges zetsimbi eFransi malunga ne-1846.
Ubunzima beBrass bokufakwa kwiindawo ezincinci, ezinokumelana nokutshabalalisa, okungekho magnetic kunye ne-low friction sheets zenze ukuba zilungele iinqabana zeekhodiji. The .44 uHenry kunye .56-56 Spencer, esetyenziswe kwizibhamu ngexesha lemfazwe yaseMelika, zombini yenziwa ngethusi.
Imithombo:
IKharakwal, JS kunye neLK Gurjar. "I-Zinc neBrass kwi-Archaeological Perspective." Incwadi Yase-Asiya yase-Asiya ye-Society of South Asia Archeology . URL: http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06112/23
UPollard, uMarko noCarl Heron. I-Archaeological Chemistry . RSC Publishing (1996).
Callcut, Vin. Imfutshane Yembali Yembali yeBrass . I-Copper Development Association Inc. www.copper.org
I-URL: http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/01-brasses/history_brass.html
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