Ukuqulunqwa kweMithetho eLawulayo imva
Indawo yokulawula eyongeziweyo eUnited States naseYurophu yayiphendule kwiingxaki njengoko iimthetho-mthetho zizama ukudala imigaqo nemimiselo yeebhanki kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike ukukhusela umngcipheko wendlela yoqoqosho. Umngcipheko oqhelekileyo ngumngcipheko wokuwa kweyonke inkqubo yezemali okanye intengiso kunokungaphumeleli kweziko elinye, iqela okanye inxalenye yenkqubo. Ukulandelelanisa izindlu kunye ne-European debt debt crisis, i-economists kunye nabalawuli ababhekiselele ekujongeni ingxaki enkulu-yokuhluleka. Abaninzi bathi amabhanki kunye namanye amaziko eemali ahambelanayo aye aphakamileyo kakhulu, okanye iindawo ezinxulumene nenkqubo yezemali ukuba ukungaphumeleli kwabo kudala umphumo kwi-US nakwihlabathi loqoqosho. Emva kweziganeko zango-2008, urhulumente waseUnited States kunye nabanye abajikeleze ihlabathi baxosha amanye amaziko ekhokelayo ehlabathini.
INkqubo okanye iNkqubo yokuXhaswa kweeNkathazo ezixakekisiwe yinkqubo yoorhulumente wase-US eneendleko ezigunyazisiweyo ezifikelela kwii-700 zeebhiliyoni zokunceda amabhanki namanye amaziko. URhulumente ulungiselele lo myalelo ukuvumela i-Nondyebo yase-United States ukuba ithenge ityala eliyingozi okanye 'impahla ephazamisayo' ukuphepha ukukhutshwa kweebhanki.
I-TARP yayiyilungiselelo lesigxina elaphela ngo-2014 xa uNondyebo uthengisa okokugqibela kokuthengwa kwayo kwetyala.
Dodd-Frank
UMongameli uBrack Obama usayine i-Dodd-Frank Wall Street kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko kwabaThengi ngomthetho ngo-2010. Lo Mthetho waphumelela ekugqithiseni ngokupheleleyo ummandla wokulawula e-US kwaye wongezelela imimiselo emitsha nemimiselo yemarike yemali kunye neenxalenye zabo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. . Umnqophiso wolawulo wawukuphela kokukhulu-ukuhluleka ngokubeka iindawo zokukhusela zemali kunye nokulawulwa kwemali kumaziko. Umthetho ukwandisa iimfuno zokunika ingxelo kunye nokuvavanywa koxinzelelo lwama-sheetshi kwintlalo enkulu ekuhleni. Ukongezelela, umgaqo-nkqubo ujolise ekukhuseleni abathengi kwiinkqubo zemali ezixhaphakileyo. Abaxhasi boMthetho bathi urhulumente kufuneka alandele kwaye alawulwe amaziko emali ukukhusela iintlekele zemali. Umthetho wandisa ukongamela kolawulo lweemarike ngama-arhente karhulumente ekhoyo njengeKhomishana yokuThuthwa kweeNkxaso (Securities Exchange Commission) kunye neKhomishini yokuThengiswa kweeNtengiso zeComputer (CFTC) kwaye yenze ezinye i-arhente ezintsha ukulawula iimarike.
Abachasene nomthetho bathi uMthetho udala i-web of bureaucracy kwaye ukuba ukuba iziko lezemali lizibekele kwiinkathazo karhulumente kufuneka livumele ukuba liphumelele.
Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank udale indawo ebangela ukuba abantu bazama ukukunceda njengoko ukwandiswa kweemfuno, iimfuno zokunika ingxelo kunye neendleko zokuthotyelwa kweebhanki ziye zanciphisa izenzo zokuboleka.
Amabhanki kwiBusiness Commodity
Ixesha elitsha lomgaqo-mali emva kuka-2008 lalinomphumo othe ngqo kumashishini okuthengisa. Okokuqala, i-swaps yempahla okanye ukuthengwa kwemali ezitshintshiselwayo ixabiso elizithengisayo lokuhlawulela imali phakathi kwamabini mabini ngoku kufuneka ihambe ngenkqubo yokucoca njengabo basebenzayo kwiimarike ezizayo. I-Swaps yintsebenziswano evela kwimveli emibini phakathi kwemibutho emibini, umthengi kunye nomthengisi, kwi-market-over-counter-market apho umlingani ngamnye ekutshintsheni athatha umngcipheko wokusebenza komnye. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi koMthetho we-Dodd-Frank, i-swaps yaba phantsi kolawulo lweCFTC, iqumrhu elilawulayo eliyi-watchdog kwi-future exchange exchanges njenge- CME ne- ICE .
Lo Mthetho ubiza ukuba iimfuno zokubangela ukwandisa kwiimarike ezizayo kunye nemimiselo emitsha kwintengiso yokwandisa ukubonakala kwemakethe nokunciphisa umngcipheko wendlela.
Ngokuchithwa kwe-Glass-Steagall ngo-1999 eyahlula imisebenzi yebhanki yoshishino kunye nokutyalomali, ezininzi iibhanki zase-US zazibandakanya ngokuthe ngqo kwiimveliso zoshishino. Njengoko amabhanki akhulisa imisebenzi yabo yokubolekisa kwiinkalo eziphathekayo, abaninzi bathatha amagxininiso okulingana kwimveliso yexabiso kunye neziseko. Amabhanki kunye namaziko emali baba ngamanini okanye amaqabane abalinganayo kwimipayipi yamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwempahla kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo kunye nezinye izinto zezinto ezibonakalayo zoshishino. Ukongezelela, amaziko emali amisela iifisi zokurhweba ukunikezela abathengi ngeempahla zenyama kunye neziphumo kwaye zithatha ingozi xa zivela kwiindawo eziphathekayo kwiimarike zemveliso. Njengoko amabhanki angena ngala ma shishini, amashishini amaninzi eemveliso zorhwebo e-US naseYurophu azifumananga bakwazi ukukhuphisana namaziko emali enamandla amakhulu. Ngelo xesha, abahwebi abanamava kunye nabasebenzi bokungena kwizinto zoshishino basuka kwiinkampani zorhwebi kwiibhanki eziye zenza ukukhwabanisa ukukhangela abo banezakhono ezizodwa kwiimarike ezibonakalayo. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ibhizinisi lezinto eziyimveliso yaba yikomiti yebhanki kwaye ishishini lorhweba liye laba likhethekileyo okanye liphuma kwimarike.
Iibhanki zafumana ixesha elixhamlayo kwiimveliso zentengiso njengenkunzi yenkomo kwintengo yaqala ngo-2004. Amaxabiso emveliso eninzi aphakama kwixesha eliphezulu kunye nokukhula kwezentengiselwano kwanda njengoko ukukhula kwamanani amabini eChina kubangele ukwakhiwa kwezibonelelo kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto kunye nokuxhaswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Iiprojekthi ezintsha zokuvelisa zandisa imfuno yobungcali bebhanki kwicandelo.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweengxaki zemali ka-2008 xa imeko yokulawula ishintshile, amaziko emali aphantsi kohlolisiso lweCongress kunye nabalawuli. Izinto zokuthengisa zivame ukuba nezinto ezinokuzithengisa ngaphezu kwee-stocks, bonds, kunye ne-currencies. Ngako oko, abalawuli kunye nabamthetho-mthetho bathi amaziko emali kufuneka afake bucala ngaphezulu ukuba ahlale kwiindawo zokurhweba. Iibhanki zavelisa ukuthengiswa okunamandla kwizinto ezivela kumvelisi ngokusebenzisa umthengi kubandakanywa izixhobo , izibonelelo, kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo. Abaninzi abalawuli kunye nabagxekayo kwicandelo lezemali baphikisana ngempumelelo ukuba iibhanki akufanele zibandakanyeke kwishishini lezinto eziphathekayo ngokubanzi. Njengoko iindleko ezinkulu kunye nokuthotyelwa kweendleko zavuka kwaye amaziko azifumanisa phantsi kwezibane ezitshisa abalawuli kunye neCongress, abaninzi baye bashiya ishishini. Bathengisa iimfuno zabo kwezinye iikhampani ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwe-United States kwiindawo ezinamanqanaba afanelekileyo ukusuka kumbono wokulawula njengoSwitzerland ne-Asia.
Ibhizinisi loRhwebi loRhwebi lihambisa ezinye izigwebo
I-Dodd-Frank kunye nezinye iinguqu zokulawula eMelika kunye neYurophu Yomanyano yabangele ukufuduka kwamashishini ehlabathi jikelele kwiSwitzerland naseAsia. ESwitzerland, imimiselo kunye neerhafu zerhafu zilungile. E-Asia, iChina iyaqhubeka iyimfuneko yecala le-equation equity for commodities. Ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1,37, i- China yinto ehamba phambili yokuthenga abathengi ngexesha elide.
Ngaphambi kokuba iibhanki zingenise ibhizinisi lemveliso ngo-2000 kwakukho amashishini amashishini amaninzi e-United States abasebenzisa iimfuno ezibonakalayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, udibaniso lwengqondo-ntshukumo kunye nokulawulwa kweebhanki xa kufikelele kwimali yemali kubangela ukuba ishishini lorhwebi liyeke. Njengoko ibhanki ishiye iimarike emva ko-2010, ininzi ishishini lishiya emanxwemeni ase-US Njengomzekelo, uJP Morgan ube ngumdlali omkhulu kumashishini ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-2014, ibhanki lithengise iyunithi yezohwebo zeMercuria, inkampani yaseYeneva-yaseSwitzerland. Ngaloo nyaka, uGoldman Sachs wathengisa ishishini lalo lokurhweba ishishini kumaRuben Brothers, iqela laseSwitzerland elilinganayo.
Ukhetho luka-2016
Imigaqo yokumisa e-US yenzeke phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uBrack Obama. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kuka-2017, uMongameli wama-40 weSizwe uza kuba nguDonald J. Trump owayekhankasela kwiqonga lemigaqo embalwa. I-Trumpid Trump ixelele abantu baseMelika ukuba kumgaqo ngamnye omtsha, ukulawula kwakhe kuya kulahla iisethi ezimbini zeemigaqo. Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank wawujolise ekugxeka umviwa ngexesha lophulo. Njengoko ethatha uMongameli kunye neendlu zombini zeNgqungquthela kwiqela elifanayo kunokwenzeka ukuba kuya kuba neenguqu ezinzulu kwimimiselo yolawulo lwemveliso yezezimali kunye namanye amashishini eMelika.
Utshintsho lweMigaqo yokuLawula ngokuLungisa ngo-2017 nangaphezulu
Nangona iindawo ze-Dodd-Frank Act zingaphila kwiinyanga ezizayo kunye neminyaka, abanye abayi kuba. Ukucinywa kokutshintshiselana kwempahla kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqhubeke kube yindawo apho abalawuli abaya kucoca ukubonelela ukuzinza kwiimarike zemali. Nangona kunjalo, amathuba kukuba uMthetho we-2010 uya kulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ukugxininisa ngakumbi ekusekeleni amaziko amashishini kunye namali ngokususa ezininzi iimfuno ze-bureau eziye zavimbela ishishini kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Ubuqhetseba bokulawula kunye nabamthetho-mthetho kukunyusa ibhalansi efanelekileyo yokwenza imimiselo yenkxaso-shishini kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho ngeli xesha likhusela abathengi kunye neemarike ukusuka ekusebenziseni kunye nemingcipheko yenkqubo.
Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank ka-2010 kunye nokuhamba kwezinto zoshishino ezisuka kumanxweme aseUnited States kwakusebenza ngokuthe tye kunokuba kusebenze indlela yokusebenza. Ngethuba lephulo lika-2016, uMongameli uTumpump uthembisa abantu baseMelika ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo uya kutshintsha ukuxhasa ishishini. Ngenxa yoko, utshintsho olukhulu kummandla olawulayo eWashington DC luphezulu.