Iimali eziPhambili zeeNkcazo: Inkcazo, iingcebiso kunye neendlela
Ukukhetha imali engcono yokuthenga iimali ukuza kuqala ngokuqonda okuqinileyo malunga neengxelo zemali zenkxaso kunye neenzuzo ezizinikezela kubatyalomali.
Ukunikezelwa kwengcaciso ebalulekileyo yenkcazo yemali, umtyalomali ngoko uyazi indlela yokuhlalutya kunye nendlela yokukhetha okulungileyo kwiinjongo zabo zokutshala imali. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kutheni iimali zenkcazo zihlala zibhetele kuneemali ezilawulwa ngamandla.
Ngoko, ngaphandle kwe-ado esongezelelweyo, masize sisebenze ekufundeni malunga neengxelo zemali.
Inkcazo Inkcazo kunye neMzekelo
Nangona awukho umqali, indlela eya kwizona zikhokelo zeengxelo ziqala ngezona zinto ziseko. Isalathisi, ngokubhekiselele kutyalo-mali, yinkampu yesampula yee-securities ezimele icandelo elichaziweyo lemarike. Ngokomzekelo, i- Index ye - S & P 500 , isampulu se-500-capital-cap (ase-cap-cap).
Kukho amawaka esitokisini esikhulu kwi-indalo yezolimo-mali kodwa isampuli yesampulu iya kubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukunyuka kwexabiso lentengiso. Ukufana nokulandelelwaniswa kweenkcukacha kwi-polling, bekuya kunzima kwaye kuvelise ukuvelisa ukuzama ukuphonononga lonke iqela labantu okanye, xa kukho inkcazo, ukubamba iqela elipheleleyo lemarike. Ngoko ke isampula-sampuli yecandelo elithile leemali ezikwinqanaba leemarike-isalathisi-singayibonisa ngokufanelekileyo inxalenye yonke ngaphandle kokubandakanya zonke iziqinisekiso ngaphakathi kwecandelo.
Ngoko ke, xa kuqulunqwe isalathisi, iipotifoliyo zengxowa-mali ziyakhiwa kwaye zenziwe zifumaneke kubatyalomali.
Ngaphandle kweNkcazo ye-S & P 500, kukho ezinye iindidi ezinkulu zeemarike , ezifana ne-Dow Jones Industrial Average, i-NASDAQ 100 kunye noRussell 3000.
Inkcazelo yeNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali: Indlela yeeNgxowa-mali ze-Index
Iimali zee-Index zixhaswa ngemali okanye i- Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) ezilandelela ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza komnxeba wokubonisa. Inkcazo ye-S & P 500 Index iya kubamba iifotyi ezifanayo ezikhompyutheni.
Kukho inzululwazi echaphazelekayo ngokufumana ukulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kwento nganye, enokuthi ibe ngamakhulu okanye amawaka, kuxhomekeke kwisalathisi. Ukwenza i-index index, iqela lolawulo kuya kufuneka linqume ukuba kunani (inani lezabelo) kulowo nalowo ophethe uluhlu lokuthenga.
Le ngcamango kukufanisa ipesenteji yokulinganisa i-index ngokwayo. Iingxelo ezibeka iindawo zokubamba ukwenzela ukuba iinqununu ezinkulu zinikwe ipesenteji ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-capital-indexed indexes (i-aka-weighted or cap cap marketed indexes). I-S & P 500 ngumzekelo wesalathisi esinomlinganiselo we-cap. Uninzi lweengxowa-mali ziza kubonakalisa isalathisi esinomlinganiselo wesikhombiso ngokuthenga amasheya okubamba ukwenza izitokisini zibe neyona mali enkulu kakhulu kubambe ipesenti kwi-index index. Ngokomzekelo, iimbono eziphezulu ziza kuba iinkampani ezinjenge- Apple (AAPL), iMicrosoft (MSFT), i- Alphabet , (GOOG), kunye ne- Facebook (i-FB) kuba ezi zikhulu zentengo njengoko zilinganiswa ngetekethi.
Iinzuzo zeeNkcazo zeeNgxowa
Kukho izizathu ezine eziphambili zokuba abatyali-mali bathenge imali yenkcazo yezocwangciso zabo zokutyalomali: 1. ulawulo oluphathekayo, iindleko ezisezantsi, kunye no-3.
- Ulawulo lwe-Passive: Iingxelo zenkcazo kuthiwa "zilawulwa ngokukhawuleza" kuba umphathi weengxowa-mali ukhangela kuphela ukuthenga nokugcina iziqinisekiso ezimele inkcazo enikezelweyo ngenjongo yokuhambelana nokusebenza kwesalathisi, ukuyibetha. Isishwankathelo, isizathu sokuba ulawulo oluthile lulungele ukuba utyalomali athathwe kwilizwi esithi, "Ukuba awukwazi ukubetha ', qhafaza' em. '
- Iindleko eziphantsi: Umphathi weengxowa-mali weengxowa-mali akasenzi uphando ngokuphangaleleyo kwaye akafaki amanqaku amaninzi. Oku kuguqulela kwiindleko eziphantsi, eziyinzuzo enkulu kwimali yenkcazo ngenxa yokuba imali yokugcina imali iguqulela kwimbuyekezo ephezulu kumtyalomali. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, khangela i-index index kunye namaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, esinye isizathu sokuba iVanguard inezinye zezilinganiso eziphantsi kweendleko zabo zengxowamali zenkcazo kuba zikhangisa kakhulu kwaye ziphantsi kwezabelo zabo. Ukuba inkcazo yeengxowa-mali inexabiso leendleko ze-0.12 kodwa i-fund efana neyo-mali inexabiso le-0.22, i-index index engaphantsi ine-advantage 10.4. Oku kubalwa kuphela kwi-10 yentsenti yokonga imali nganye eyi-100 eyi-invested kodwa yonke ipenki ibalwa, ngokukodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukukhawuleza.
- Ukusebenza kweRhafu: Inxalenye yokugcina iindleko ezincinci kukunciphisa irhafu kwiityalo-mali xa kunokwenzeka. Ukuba utyalo-mali lugcinwe kwi-akhawunti ehlawulwayo, i-capital earnings and dividends are taxed. Iimali zenkcazo ngokubanzi zineemali ezincinci zentengo ngenxa yokungahambi kwazo.
- Ulwabiwo olubanzi: Umtyalo-mali unako ukubamba iindleko zeqela elikhulu kwinqaku-mali. Iimali zekhompyutheni zihlala zityalomali kumawaka okanye nakwiwaka lama-holdings; nangona ngezinye iimali ezilawulwa ngamandla zityalomali kwiingxowa ezingaphantsi kwama-50. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimali ezinamanani aphezulu ezibanjisiweyo zinomngcipheko ophantsi weemarike kunezo zineenkampani ezimbalwa; kunye neenkcukacha zenkxaso ngokubanzi zibonelela ngokubambisana neziqinisekiso ezingaphezu kwamalungu abo alawulwa ngokuzithandela.
IiNkampani eziPhambili zeMatual Fund ze-Index Fund
Ukuba ufuna okanye ufuna ukugcina imali yakho kwiinkampani ezixhaswa ngemali enye, iinkampani eziphambili zezimali zenkxaso-mali zengxowa-mali ziyiVanguard ne-Fidelity:
- Iingxowa-mali zeVanguard : Ikhaya le "Bogleheads," iVanguard iphakathi kweyona nto ihamba phambili kunye nentandokazi yeenkampani zenkxaso-mali kunye neentlanga. Umsunguli uJack C. "UJack" uBogle wakheka inkampani malunga nombono wakhe wokuba imali ephantsi kweendleko zenkxaso-mali ingabonelela ngenzuzo ephezulu kunomtyalo-mali osisigxina. UBogle ufundise ukuba udibaniso lweendleko ezinxulumene neendleko kunye nokuthambekela kwephutha lomntu ibuyisela kwiimali ezilawulwa ngempumelelo ngexesha elide. Ngoko ke, indlela yokuqonda iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokususwa kweemithintelo zengqondo ezenza izikhombisi-mali zizithuthi ezingcono kakhulu kubatyalomali, ingakumbi kulabo bahlala ixesha elide (iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10).
I-Vanguard nayo inikezela ngee- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) , ezingagqatswanga ngokupheleleyo nguBogle, oye wabhala i-ETF njengendlela ebonakala yingozi kumtyalo-mali.
Utyalo-mali lokuthembeka : Uyaziwa kakuhle ngemali elawulwa ngokunyanisekileyo kunye nomboneleli weenkonzo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kunye nemveliso, efana ne-401 (k) izicwangciso kunye nee-IRA, kumashishini kunye nabantu ngabanye, Ubungqina bokuba u-Fidelity mhlawumbi ngumdlali omkhulu weVanguard kunye nokukhethwa okukhulu kweendleko eziphantsi mali.
Iifayile ze-S & P 500 zeNgcaciso zeeNkcazo
I- S & P 500 yeyona nkcazo yemali eneenkcukacha eziphambili eziqhelekileyo ziyafana. Zigcina ixabiso eliphantsi, zenza umsebenzi omhle wokuhambelana nesithenjwa sekhowudi (ebizwa ngokuba yimpazamo yokulandelela), kwaye zisebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisela.
Nazi ezinye ezintathu zezona nkcazo zemali eziphambili ezithatha i-S & P 500:
- I-Vanguard 500 Index (VFINX): Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35 edlulileyo, umsunguli weVanguard uJohn Bogle waphawula ukuba uninzi lwabatyalo-mali abasenakukwazi ukugqithisa i-S & P 500 Index rhoqo kwixesha elide. Ingcamango yakhe yayikukulinganisa nje ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha kunye nokugcina iindleko eziphantsi. Ukulula kunye nokuchithwa kwezona zibini eziphambili zokutshala imali kunye neVanguard zineziqhamo ezifanelekileyo.
- I-Fidelity Trust Spartan 500 Index (FUSEX): ubungakanani bokwethembeka, amava kunye neenkcukacha zokuncintisana neVanguard ukudibanisa ukwenza inkcazo yabo yenkxaso-mali yesibini kuphela kwiVanguard. Ngokuqhelekileyo imali yenkcazo phakathi kwezi zibini ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukucaciswa ngokweendleko kunye nokusebenza. Ekugqibeleni, ukhuphiswano ludala iimali eziphezulu kumgangatho-mali.
- I-Schwab S & P 500 Index (SWPPX): UCharles Schwab wenze umgudu obalaseleyo wokubonelela ngaphezu kwe-discounted brokerage inkonzo kubatyalomali: Baye bafaka ingqongqo kwiimarike zeengxowa-mali zeVanguard ne-Fidelity. Inkcazo yabo mali ngokuqhelekileyo iphezulu kakhulu kwixabiso lentengo kunezokhuphiswano ezikhudlwana kodwa ukuba usuyi-investor yeSchinab, ungayigcina imali yentlawulo yokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kweenethiwekhi kunye nokusebenzisa i-index ye-index ye-Schwab.
Eyona nto ibonelele kwi-Stock Market Index Index
Ingxowa- mali ye-stock market yenkxaso -mali iyimali ehlangeneyo efaka imali kwibhaksi yeempahla eziza kubonakalisa ngokukhawuleza ukugcinwa kwempahla kunye nokusebenza kwesilinganiselo esithile, njenge-Wilshire 5000 okanye i-Russell 3000. iibhanki zithengiswa kwi-stock exchange, yingakho igama "elipheleleyo lemarike" lidla ngokufakwa kwigama le-fund. Njengemali ye-S & P 500 Index, i-Wilshire 5000 i-cap-cap weighted, oku kuthetha ukuba iikhampani ezinkulu (ezo zikhulu zentengo) ziza kubonisa inxalenye enkulu (ibe phakathi kwezinto eziphezulu) ngepesenti kuneenkampani ezincinci.
- I-Vanguard Iyonke I-Stock Market Index (i-VTSMX): iVanguard yi-indexer yokuqala kunye ne-VTSMX iphakathi kweengxelo zokuqala zeemali zokubamba iintengiso. Ngexabiso lentengo ye-0.16 yeepesenti, i-VTSMX yenza intsebenzo eqinileyo yokubambisa nayiphi na ipowfolio.
- I-Schwab Iyonke I-Stock Market Index (SWTSX) : Ngexabiso lentengo ye-0.09 ekhulwini, kunzima ukubetha i-SWTSX ngaphandle kokuba unelungelo lokufumana ukulingana kweendleko eziphantsi kunye neengxowa-mali ze-Admiral Shares.
- iShares Russell 3000 Index Fund (IWV) : Le ETF isebenza kakuhle kulabo batyalo-mali abathanda ukuthengisana kwangomhla njengamasheya okanye ukuba banako ukuthengisa ii-ETF ezithile ngaphandle kwemali yokuthengiselana (ezinye iinkampani zenkampani zengxowa-mali Imirhumo yokuthengisa iimali ezithile zeengxelo). IWV inexabiso leendleko ze-0.20 ekhulwini.
Iimali zeeNgxowa-mali zeeNkcazo zeBond yeBhanki
Inkcazo yemarike yeekhonkco ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekisela kwiinkcazo zemali kunye kunye ne-Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) ezityala kwi- Barclay's Aggregate Bond Index , eyaziwa ngokuba yi-BarCap Udidi, oluyi-indeal ebanzi yobuninzi obubambisene nezibophelelo ezininzi ze-US kunye nezinye izibophelelo zangaphandle. e-US
Abatyalomali banokubamba intsebenzo yemarike yebhanki epheleleyo ngokutyalomali kwi-index ye-fund okanye i-ETF efuna ukuphindaphinda ukusebenza kwesaziso. Imizekelo yeFund iquka iShares Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index (AGG) kunye neVanguard Total Bond Market Index Fund (VBMFX).
Index Mutual Funds vs ETFs
Inkcazo yemali ngempikiswano ye-ETF ayikho / okanye umbuzo. Abatyalomali banobulumko ukuqwalasela zombini. Imirhumo kunye neendleko ziintshaba ze-investor index. Ngoko ke okokuqala ukuqwalasela xa ukhetha phakathi kwezi zibini ixabiso leendleko. Okwesibini, kunokuthi kubekho iintlobo zokutshala imali enye ingxowa-mali inokuba nethuba ngaphezu komnye. Umzekelo, umnini-zimali ofuna ukuthenga isalathisi esibonisa ngokukhawuleza ukuhamba kweendleko zegolide kuya kufezekisa iinjongo ezifanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-ETF ebizwa ngokuba yi-SPDR Gold Shares (GLD).
Ii-ETFs ziba neerhafu eziphantsi kweendleko ngaphandle kweenkcazo zemali. Oku, kunokwakheka kwinqanaba, linikezela umgca omncinci kwiimbuyekezo kwiinkcazo zemali kumtyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo, i-ETF ingaba neendleko zokuthengisa eziphezulu. Umzekelo, masithi unayo i-akhawunti ye-brokerage kwi- Vanguard Investments . Ukuba ufuna ukuthengisa i-ETF, uya kuhlawula imali yokurhweba malunga ne-$ 7.00, ngelixa i-Vanguard inkcazo yengxowa yokulandelela inkcazelo efanayo ayinayo imali yokuthenga okanye ikhomishini.
Iimali ze-Index ziyimali kunye kunye nee-ETF zithengiswa njengezifuyo. Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ngokomzekelo, masithi ufuna ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa i-fund. Ixabiso ekuthengayo okanye ekuthengiseniyo alilona xabiso; Ixabiso le-Asset Net (NAV) ye-securities ephantsi, kwaye uya kuhweba kwi-NAV yengxowa-mali ekupheleni komhla wokurhweba. Ngoko ke, ukuba amaxabiso esitokisi aphakama okanye awele ngexesha lemini, awukwazi ukulawula ixesha lokusebenza kwezorhwebo. Ukuba bhetele okanye ngakumbi, ufumana oko ufumana ekupheleni kosuku.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-ETF zithengisa ngemini. Oku kunokuba luncedo ukuba unako ukuxhamla ukunyuka kwexabiso elenzekayo emini. Igama eliphambili apha yi- IF . Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukholwa ukuba imarike iyahamba ephakamileyo emini kwaye ufuna ukuwasebenzisa ngokunjalo loo mkhwa, ungathenga i-ETF ekuqaleni kwosuku lokurhweba kwaye ubambe ukunyakaza kwayo. Ngeentsuku ezithile i-marhwebo ingahamba phezulu okanye iphantsi ngaphaya kwe-1,00 pesenti okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kubonisa umngcipheko kunye nethuba, kuxhomekeke ekuchanekeni kwakho ekuqikeleleni ukuhamba.
Ingxenye yendlela efanelekileyo yokuhweba ye-ETF yinto ebizwa ngokuba "isasazeka," okonahluko phakathi kwe- bid kunye nokucela intengo yokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ukubeka ngokulula, enkulu ingozi apha i-ETFs engathengiswanga ngokubanzi, apho ukusasazeka kungabanzi kwaye kungathandeki kwabanye abatyalo-mali. Ngako-ke khangela i-ETFs eboniswe ngokubanzi, efana ne-iShares Core S & P 500 Index (IVV) kwaye uqaphele iinkalo ze-niche ezifana neengxowa-mali zecandelo elincinciweyo kunye nezimali zelizwe.
Iingcebiso zokugqibela zokuthenga iikhompyutheni zeeNkcazo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimali zenkcazo zisetyenziswe kakuhle njengezibambiso eziphambili kwipotfoliyo. Ngokomzekelo, abatyali-mali abaninzi baya kusebenzisa i-S & P 500 yengxowa-mali yenkxaso-mali okanye i-indekisi ye-stock index ye-stock (ukuba i-30 ekhulwini okanye ama-40 ekhulwini) kwipotfoliyo, kunye nezinye iimali kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifumana amanani amancinci, njengama-10 ekhulwini iipesenti ezingama-20 nganye.
Ukuba unenhlanhla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ube nemali ephakamileyo kwi-akhawunti yakho yotyalo-mali, unako ukufumana ezinye iiklasi zentsebenzo ezinokulinganiswa kweendleko eziphantsi kunezo mali ezibhalwe apha. Ngokomzekelo, iVanguard inesinye isigaba sabelo, esibizwa ngokuba ngama-Admiral Shares anika amaxabiso angaphantsi. I-Vanguard 500 Index Admiral (VFIAX) inexabiso lentlawulo ye-0.05 kuphela, kanti i-VFINX inexabiso lentengo ye-0.16 yepesenti.
Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olukule ndawo lunikezelwa ngeenjongo zengxoxo kuphela, kwaye akufanele lichazwe ngokungeniswa njengeengcebiso zotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle kweemeko ngaba le nkcazelo ibonisa isincomo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso.