Amashishini amaninzi ayimigudu, kwaye loo mijikelezo ifuthe inzuzo. Ubuncwane beemarike ezibonakalayo eziqhelekileyo zihlala ziphezulu kwaye ziphelelwa ixesha.
Ngoko ke, kukho izinga eliphezulu lokungabi nantoni kwiinkampani ezinxulumene neempahla. Izinto zokuthengisa zivame ukunyuka kumaxabiso apho abavelisi banda ukwenziwa kwimivuzo enyanzelisayo. Xa amaxabiso ashukunyuka phezulu, imfuno iyancipha, kwaye iincwadi zakha ukukhokelela ekunyuseni kwizigcino. Kule nqanaba, ixabiso liya kuphakama kwaye liqale ukuhamba ngaphantsi. Emva koko amaxabiso awela kwinqanaba apho imfuno iqala ukunyuka kwaye i-inventories iwa phantsi kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kwexabiso. Ukunikezelwa kunye nokuguquka kweemfuno kukubalulekileyo kwimijikelezo yentengo kwiimarike zemveliso.
Imfuno Iphakama
Xa kuziwa kwicandelo lokuthengiswa kwemveliso yezolimo, ukujikelezwa kwentengo yinto eqhelekileyo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa inani lemveliso elinolimo elikhoyo lokukhula kwezityalo liphela kumhlaba wethu, icala elifunekayo le-equation liye landa ngezinga lokuhlola. Ngo-1960, kwakukho abantu abangaphantsi kweebhiliyoni ezintathu eMhlabeni; ngo-2016 inani lalingaphezu kwama-7.3bhiliyoni.
Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi bafuna ukutya okuthe xaxa kwaye imfuno yezinto zokulima zanda ngokukhawuleza kunye nabemi. Icala lemiqathango yokubonelela ngokusemgangathweni kunye nokufuna ukulingana kuye kwanda ngonyaka. Ukubonela elinye ibali.
Unyaka ngamnye ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo ngumsebenzi wezinto ezininzi kubandakanywa imozulu, izifo zityalo, iziganeko ze-geopolitical and logistics, kunye neminye imiba engaqhelekanga eninzi echaphazela ukuveliswa kwemveliso ebalulekileyo kwizidlo ezininzi esikudlayo.
Imveliso emithathu ebalulekileyo yintlawulo eveliswa emhlabeni wonke unyaka, ingqolowa , isoya kunye nengqolowa .
Umbona
Ummbila isisiseko esisisiseko; isityalo sesityalo kunye nelungu lentsapho yengca. Iintlobo zeengqolowa zifuneka ukuba zivelise iimveliso ezininzi zokutya kunye nokutya kwezilwanyana. I-high-fructose isiliphu yengqolowa, isitashi samabele, ioli ye-corn, kunye ne-lysine ziyimveliso yengqolowa ngqo. I-Ethanol, i-biofuel, yinto yemveliso yengqolowa. Zonke iitrolili ezithengiswa eUnited States ziqulethe ipesenti ye- ethanol . Umvelisi ohamba phambili welizwe kunye nomthengisi wendawo yengqolowa unyaka ngamnye yi-US
Ngqolowa
Ingqolowa i-gluten, okanye iprotheni, kunye nesitashi. Ingqolowa isithako esisisiseko somgubo, esidinga ukuveliswa kokutya okuninzi, kubandakanya okusanhlamvu, isonka, i-pasta, iigebengu kunye ne-cookies, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ukongezelela, ibhodi ye-particle ye-straw, i-starch yengqolowa, i-adhesive, kunye nezinye iimveliso zasemakhaya zifuna ukolweni ukwenzela ukuvelisa. Abakhiqizi beengqolowa behlabathi ababandakanya iRashiya , i-European Union, i-US nezinye iintlanga ezininzi emhlabeni wonke. Unyaka ngamnye umthengi omkhulu weengqolowa uxhomekeke kwimveliso yezolimo emhlabeni jikelele onokungafani nemozulu kunye nezinye iimeko.
IiSoybe
IiSoybe zizityalo ezininzi, kunye neoli ye-soya kunye nesoya soyiya.
Iinkampani zenkampani ye-soybean efana neArcher Daniels Midland (i-ADM), iBunge (BG), kunye nabanye bawaphula ii soybean ebomvu kwimveliso. Isidlo se-soybean i-high-protein fibre kunye nemveliso enkulu yokutya kwezilwanyana ngelixa ioli ye-soya idla ngokufunekayo ukupheka emhlabeni jikelele kwaye isebenzise ekuveliseni igargarine, ukugqoka i-salad, i-mayonnaise kunye nezinye izinto zokutya zansuku zonke. I-United States ngumvelisi ohamba phambili welizwe kunye nomthengisi weeyobe, kodwa umveliso waseMzantsi Melika uyindawo ebalulekileyo yesityalo ngasinye ngonyaka.
Iintlobo zintathu eziphezulu zifumana ukubonelela kwazo kwaye zifuna izinto ezisemgangathweni kodwa nangona ixesha lihlala lihamba kunye nehla ngexabiso. Ezi zivuno ziye zahamba ngeenkomo ezininzi zeenkomo neebhere zeemarike kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Imarike yokugqibela yenkomo yebhokhwe kwiibhokhwe zenzeke ngo-2012 xa isombele sehla kwiintlambo eziqhamo zaseUnited States.
Umhlaba owomileyo ngenxa yeemeko ezimeleyo kubangele ukuba izivuno zezityalo zenzeke kwaye isivuno esiphumela senze ukulahleka kweemarike ezithathu; Imfuno yehlabathi jikelele idlulile kwizinto ezifumanekayo ezibangela ukuba i-inventories iwele kwaye amanani akwandise ngokuphawulekayo. Ixabiso lembombo liphakanyiswe kwixesha elide eliphantse eliphantse li-$ 8.50 ngebhasi, ngelixa i-soybe ifikelele kwixesha layo elide eliphantse li-$ 18 ngebhasi. Ekubeni imveliso yengqolowa isasazeka kwihlabathi jikelele, ixabiso laphakama liza ngaphantsi kwe-$ 9.50 ngebhasi njengemveliso evela kwezinye iintlanga ezivelisa iifomfa kwi-United States eyayinelenkomfa ngaloo nyaka. Isikolo sifikelele kwinani lalo lonke ixesha ngo-2008 xa ixabiso liye landa ngaphezu kwe-13.30 ngebhasi njengemeko yemozulu yemozulu eyenza izivuno zezityalo zinciphise ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokunqongophala kokusanhlamvu.
Iibumper Crops ukususela ngo-2012
Ukususela kwenkomfa yexesha elidlulileyo, imozulu ibambisene neemarike zezolimo kunye ne-2016 yowona wesine owodwa wonyaka we-corn, i-soybean, kunye neengqolowa ezityalo emhlabeni jikelele. Uchungechunge lwengxelo yokuphuma kwirekhodi lubangela ukuba izikhungu zikhuphuke, kwaye nangona ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwiimfuno zehlabathi, iimeko ezigqithisiweyo kwiibalini zenze ukuba amaxabiso ahle. Kwiminyaka engama-2016, ingqolowa ithengiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi kweyhumi elishumi ngaphantsi kwe-$ 3.60 ngebhasi. Ixabiso lentaka libuye linyuka, liye lahla kwi-$ 3 ngelixa ama-soya afikelela kwi-nadir kwi-8.49 ye-bhasi.
Ixabiso lentengo elincinci laliziindaba ezilungileyo kubathengi behlabathi njengoko indleko yokutya ayizange yanda njengoko yenzayo ngo-2012 yaye kukho ukufumaneka okuninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kulabo ababandakanyekayo kwimveliso yezityalo eziziinkozo, ukunyuka kwamanani kwixesha eliyiminyaka emine ukususela ngo-2013-2016 kubangele iindleko ezincinci okanye ilahleko kunye nokunciphisa imali eninzi kunye neendleko zenkxaso kwishishini. Uxinzelelo lwexabiso lubangele abakhiqizi abasemagqabini ukuba baphume kwi shishini lezolimo, kwaye iinkampani ezinkulu kwi-shishini zifumene zinyanzeliso ukuba zenze utshintsho olukhulu kumashishini abo ukuze ziphile kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweShishini
Ekuqaleni kuka-2016, iinkampani ezimbini ezisebenzayo ekuveliseni iimveliso eziyimfuneko kubucandelo lezolimo, iDow Chemical, kunye neDuPont bavumelana ukudibanisa. Ngethuba lonyaka, iinkampani ezimbini zokuqumba, i-Potash Corporation yaseSaskatchewan kunye ne-Agrium Incorporation yanquma ukudibanisa nokudibanisa. Ekupheleni konyaka we-2016, i-Monsanto Inkampani, enye yabenzi bezilwanyana ezinkulu emhlabeni, yayilindele imvume yokulawula eMelika naseYurophu ukudibanisa neBayer AG, inkampani enkulu yeGermany. Ukongezelela, iSyngenta AG, i-pesticide esekelwe kwi-pesticide kunye nomvelisi wembewu yinkqubo yokudibanisa neChina National Chemical Corporation. Zonke ezi zinto zidibeneyo impendulo kummandla wezoshishino mngeni kwi candelo lezolimo.
Ezoqoqosho zokukala
Njengoko amaxabiso ezityalo eziziintlobo ezi-1 eziphambili ziye zaphuhliswa, amafama, abaprojekthi, kunye nabavelisi beenkozo kunye nemveliso ehambelana nokuziinkozo baye bafumana imali encinci yokuchitha kwiimveliso zokunciphisa amaxabiso amancinci. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamashishini ekubonelela ngezolimo kubandakanya, imbewu, izichumisi, iikhemikhali kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezifunekayo ekukhuleni izityalo ezondla abantu emhlabeni wonke kukuphendula kwimida engaphantsi. Ukudibanisa kunye nokuthengwa kwicandelo lezolimo kwenza uqoqosho lwezinga apho iindleko zokuvelisa iziphumo zezolimo ziya kuncipha ngenxa yokunyuka kwamanani, ukuphathwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwamashishini kunye nokuncintisana kancinci kumashishini njengenkampani ezimbalwa ezilawula amashishini.
Bamafama
Amafama amaninzi kunye nabanye abashishini bokuvelisa izityalo eziziinkozo baye banqabela ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezoshishino kuza kubangela ukukhankanya kwamashishini amakhulu kodwa kuya kubangela ukuba amaxabiso emveliso atyuke njengoko ukuncintisana kunciphisa kwixesha elizayo. Ixesha liya kuxela ukuba abalimi behlabathi baya kuphakanyiswa ukunyathela iinqununu zezi ntlangano. Okwangoku, ekubeni abaninzi balaba badibanisa iinkampani ezihlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele, ukuhlanganisana kunye nokuthengwa ziphantsi kokuvunyelwa kolawulo kummandla omnye. Inkqubo yokuvunywa yayiqhutywe ekupheleni konyaka we-2016, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ibe yinkqubo elula. Ngokomzekelo, iMonsanto ivelisa imbewu eMelika eguqulwa ngokwemizimba. IYurophu iye yabalahla le mbewu ze-GMO kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kweMonsanto kunye neBayer kuya kufuna ukufumana imvume kwimibini ne-EU kunye nemingeni emininzi kwinkqubo. Lo mbandela wombuso ngumzekelo omnye wabaninzi, kwiingxaki ezijongene nazo xa uzama ukubeka ezimbini iinkampani ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezinkulu kwezolimo kwihlabathi jikelele. E-US, imbambano yokuchasana nentembelo okanye i-monopoly eyenziwe yile midibaniso inokubangela ukukhanyela ukuvunyelwa komthetho.
Amanani angeniso angasenyuka - Umncintiswano omncinci
Ukuhla kweengeniso zengeniso kunye neengcinezelo zentengo kwi-industry yezolimo jikelele kubangele imfuno yoqoqosho lwezinga lokusinda. Xa kuziwa kumaxabiso okusanhlamvu kunye nezinye izinto zokulima, ukwanda kwindleko yeziphumo ekulimeni kuya kukwandisa iindleko zokuvelisa izityalo kwixesha elizayo. Ehlabathini lezinto eziphathekayo, amaxabiso atya ukuwa kwizinga apho iindleko zokuvelisa ziphezulu kunexabiso lemarike yezinto ezibonakalayo. Xa oko kwenzeka, abavelisi bayeke ukuvelisa kunye nokunqongophala kubangela ukuba amaxabiso akhuphuke. Njengoko unokubona uhlobo lwendalo, amanani entlupheko athengisa ukwenza iimarike zisebenze ngexesha elide. Ziya phezulu kwinqanaba lexabiso apho umjikelo uhamba kwaye ufike kumaxabiso apho umkhiqizo ungabikho uneconomic. Kuzo zombini iimeko, iimarike ziya kuphendula ngokuhlawulela intengiso kwinqanaba le-equilibrium.
Kwakukho ukwanda kwintsebenziswano kunye nokufumana imisebenzi kwimarike yezolimo ngo-2016 ngenxa yemikhosi yemarike. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elizayo kukho imarike yenkomo kwingqolowa nakwicandelo lezolimo, kungenzeka ukuba abathengi abatsha beembewu, izichumisi, iikhemikhali kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo zokulima ziya kuvela kwindawo yokunyanzelisa ukhuphiswano kubaxhasi ukuba bazama ukwandisa amaxabiso kumanqanaba angapheliyo. Ubuninzi-mali yindlela efanelekileyo yokuphendula kwimigangatho yemigangatho kunye neziganeko kwicandelo lezolimo kwiminyaka yamuva ngumzekelo woshishino ophendula kwiingxaki zexabiso. Ukukhula kwabantu kunye nokubonakaliswa kwemvelo kunye neemeko ezingqongileyo zemozulu ngokuqinisekileyo ziqinisekisa ukuba iimarike zeenkozo ziya kutshintsha ukusuka kwidlido ukuya kwindlala kwiminyaka ezayo xa kuziwa kwizinto ezikhoyo kunye namaxabiso. Ingqolowa, i-soybean kunye nezolimo zengxowankulu yezolimo kwi-Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) isahlulo se- Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ). Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, ezi zintengiselwano zidibanisa ukudala uqoqosho lwezinga. Unokufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga nemarike yezolimo ezivela kwiSebe leSebe lezoLimo le- US ngenyanga.