Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi- Mutual Funds 101 , i-fund efanayo yintlobo yenkampani okanye i- fund fund , ngokuxhomekeka kwindlela ehlelwe ngayo, edibanisa imali kunye namawaka, okanye kwezinye iimeko, izigidi zabantu, abatyala-mali ngabanye kunye namaziko, baqesha ulawulo lweempahla inkampani ukutyalo imali ngokwegunya elithile lokutyalomali , kwaye ifuna ukuzisa uqoqosho lwezinga kunye nokulula kubatyalimi abancinci abangenako ukukwazi ukuyibuyisela iipotifoliyo.
Kwimeko yesikhwama sokubambisana esithatha inzuzo yentengo yemali (ngaphezulu kweedola eziza kwingxowa-mali ngaphandle kokuphuma), izicelo zokuhlengwa (xa umnini-mali uthengisa izabelo zakhe kwaye ufuna ukubuyisela imali kwi-fund) unokuxhaswa ngemali kunye ivela kwabanye, abatyala-mali abatsha ngaphandle kokuba bathengise inxalenye yepotfolio. Kwiimeko apho kukho ukuphuma kwemali, kufuneka utyalo-mali kufuneka uthengiswe ukunyusa imali, ngamanye amaxesha kubangela ukuzuza okufakwe kwi-intanethi.
Cinga ukuba wawuqhuba isikhwama kwaye ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yezizathu, iziphumo zaqala ukugqithisa ukungena ngeqondo lempahla. Ngaphezulu, cinga ukuba ubambe iindawo ezinkulu okanye izikhundla ezazisetyenziselwa iimarike ezingekho phantsi (mhlawumbi ziya kusebenza ngenjongo yokubonisa). Ngexesha elithile, ukuba uqhubeka uhlawulela impahla kwixabiso lomlilo ukuze uhlangane nokuhlengwa, kuphazamisa abatyalo-mali bakho.
Kukho izixazululo ezibini ezingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinjalo:
IBhodi yabaLawuli Iimvo zokubeka i-Mutual Fund kwi-Runoff
Ibhodi labalawuli okanye ibhodi yabaphathiswa, kuxhomekeke kwindlela i-fund fund edibeneyo ngayo, iivoti zokubeka i-fund ye-collective fund. Okubalulekileyo, i-fund ethembekileyo idalwe, ixabiso lidluliselwa kuyo, kwaye ngaphezu kwexesha elongezelelweyo, mhlawumbi lide lihlala iminyaka emininzi, ixabiso lidayiswa phantsi (oko i-trustees ethembayo) yimiqathango efanelekileyo kunye nemigomo.
Oku kutshanje kwenzeka kwenkampani ehloniphekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiThathu Avenue, eyayixhasa inkxaso-mali ebizwa ngokuba yiNgxowa-mboleko yeNgxowa-mali egxininisiweyo. Iimakethe zentengiso ye-junk yaqala ukumbamba nokuwa. Izicelo zokuhlenga-ntengiso ziqhubeka ziza njengoko i-fund ilahlekelwe yimali.
Ekugqibeleni, ngoDisemba 9, 2015, yazisa ukuba ayiyi kuhlonipha izicelo zokuhlenga kodwa, endaweni yoko, ibeke i-$ 789 yezigidi zezinto ezicatshulweyo eziboniswe kwiphepha le- balance sheet ye-fund (ukusuka kwi-$ 3 billion ngonyaka odlulileyo) kwi-runoff. Akukho mntu unomdla wokuba uza kuthatha ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba abanini-zimali bafumane imali yabo, nokuba bangakanani na abaya kufumana.
Ukusabalaliswa koMhlobo kuNcedo kwenziwa
Okubizwa ngokuba ngu "Ukukhululwa Ngomnene" okanye "Ukuhlawulelwa Kwamanani" kwenziwa.
Xa oku kwenzeka, endaweni yokufumana imali, iifowuni zengxowa-mali zengxowa-mali yecandelo elithile le-ase-investor. Ngokomzekelo, i-fund ye-united mutual fund e-United States okwangoku i-Vanguard 500 Index Index, efuna ukuphinda iphendule i- S & P 500 .
Ukuba esinye isiganeko esingaqhelekanga sifike kwisiqhamo esabangela ukuba abaphathi beepotfoliyo bahlonele ukuba ukuhlonipha ukuhlawulelwa kuya kubangela abanikazi bexesha elide abahlala kunye neengxowa-mali, banokunikezela ngezabelo zenkampani nganye engama-505 ezenza iphothifoliyo ngethuba kulabo bafuna ukwahlula iindlela.
Umtyalo-mali uza kufuneka avule i- akhawunti ye-brokerage kwindawo ethile kwaye abe nesitokisithi esityiweyo, ngoko wenze ngako oko bafuna. Ngomhla weDisemba 28, 2015 ngaphambi kokuba kuvelwe imarike, oku kuthetha ukuba i-18.8% yeempahla zawo iza kufakwa kwizabelo zeenkampani ezilishumi-i-Apple, i-Alphabet, iMicrosoft, i-Exxon Mobil, i-General Electric, i-Johnson & Johnson, i-Wells Fargo, i-Amazon.com , IBerkshire Hathaway, kunye neJPMorgan Chase & Co.
Yintoni eyenza imeko yokugqibela ibenokuba yingozi kukuba abaphathi beepotfoliyo banokugqiba isigqibo sokuba "banqamle", ngenxa yokungabi nako kwexesha elibhetele, ukugcina iziqinisekiso ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu - cinga ngezabelo zeMicrosoft, Apple, Coca-Cola, okanye iHershey wathenga iminyaka engama-25 + edlulileyo ehleli kwezinye zeengxowa-mali ezinkulu-ukunciphisa umthwalo werhafu lwabo batyali-mali abambelela ngxowa-mali ngenkqubela umntu ehamba kunye ne-bill enkulu ku-Federal, kurhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekhaya. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku akuyi kubandakanyeka ukuba ubambe imali yakho kunye neRoth IRA okanye enye indawo yokuhlala .
Isixazululo
Sisiphi isisombululo? Umgaqo wam oqhelekileyo ukugwema izinto ezihlawula i-asethi zexesha elide (iibhondi ezingekho phantsi kwexesha elifutshane) kunye neenkxaso-mali ezifutshane (ezivaliweyo ezihlangeneyo ezivumela abatyalo-mali ukuba bathengise izabelo zabo kunye nokudala imithombo yamanzi kwimini yokuhweba enye). Ngaphandle koko, malunga neyona nto efanelekileyo oya kuyenza kukuba uqaphele ukuba ngenye imini ufanele uhlangabezane nenye yezi ziphumo ukwenzela ukuba ubukele izinto eziqhubekayo kunye ne-fund yakho (okanye iimali) ozikhethelayo xa ufunda ingxelo yonyaka ngamnye ngonyaka . Kuphela nje inxaxheba yengozi evela ekutyalweni kwezakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo ezifana neengxowa-mali.