Ingakanani i-ore yerhafu?
Nangona kuthatyathwa ngabanye njengento yesibini ebaluleke kakhulu emva kweoli, iimpahla zentengiso ye- iron ore ingqalelo kakhulu.
Njengengeniso efunekayo yokuveliswa kwensimbi ephambili, insimbi yesinyithi ixhasa intengiso enkulu yehlabathi kunye ne-backbone yezibonelelo zehlabathi. Iimali zentengiso ye-trillion-ye-year zenza ama-95 pesenti yazo zonke izithengiselwano ezithengiswa minyaka yonke. Kwaye, ukuze sikwanelise imfuno yethu yeemveliso zensimbi, iitriyoni eziyi-1.8 zeetoni ze- iron ore zachithwa ngo-2014.
Sekunjalo, kude kube kutshanje, imarike ye-iron ore yayinomsebenzi opaque kakhulu. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka iimvumelwano zentengo zagqitywa kwiingxoxo ezivaliweyo phakathi kwabavelisi abakhulu kunye nabakhi bezakhiwo.
Izinto zaqala ukutshintsha emva kwe-2000, nangona kunjalo, zikhokelwa ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwintsimbi yesinyithi ukunyusa izitya zetsimbi eChina. Iminyaka yelizwe lotyalo-mali lweziseko zophuhliso lwenzeke ekufuneni okuqhubekayo kunye nokwandisa insimbi .
Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2014, ukuveliswa kwesimbi yenhlabathi kwandipha kabili ukuya kuma-1.4 kilotonnes, ukufunwa kwefuthe le-iron ore.
I-China yadlula iJapan ukuba ibe ngumthengisi omkhulu wehlabathi we-iron ore ngo-2003. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, i-China yayingenisa amaxesha amathathu kunommelwane wayo wasePacific. Ngo-2014, i-China yayingama-60 ekhulwini kwiitoni ezili-1.4 ezigidi ze-ore ore.
Ukubonakalisa ukuguquguquka kokuveliswa kwezinto zorhwebo, ngo-2008 i- Vale eyona mveliso enkulu yehlabathi ye-iron ore, yalela ukuba kuvelwe kunye nokuveliswa kweenqwelo-moya ezininzi ezi-19 eziza kuba zinkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiwe ngaphambili.
Eminye iinqanawa ezili-16 ze-Valemax - njengoko zazizaziwa - zafakwa kwiinkampani. Inqanawa nganye inamandla angama-380,000 ukuya kuma-4000,000 amathani e-ore.
Nangona ukufunwa kweChina kwanda, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwakusinda ukuza kwi-intanethi kunye namaxabiso angamabala e-iron ore, engazange idlula i-$ 50 ngetoni ngaphambi ko-2008, iphakame njengama-dollar 190 ngetoni ngo-2011.
Ngokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi-iron ore, abathengi baseTshayina baxhalabisa ngamandla entengo aqhutywe yiRio Tinto, iBHP kunye neVale - eyaziwa ngokuba yi -Big Three .
Ngo-2009 kunye no-2010, abasebenzi baseRio Tinto baboshwa baza bavalelwa ngenxa yokuba iimfihlo zephondo kunye nokwamkela izifungo ezivela kubaphathi baseTshayina.
Ukunganeliseki kweTshayina ngamandla emakethi ye-Big Big, kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso lentengo, kwakhupha ukuhla kweenkontileka zonyaka zentsebenziswano kunye nokunyuka kweekhontrakthi zekhonkmark yekhonkmark yexabiso lentengo ye-iron ore.
Ngo-2006, i-Steel Index (iTSI) yaqaliswa. I-TSI iqokelela idatha yamanani kwiinkampani zensimbi, i-scrap kunye ne-iron ore yokutya ngamaketanga ukubala ixabiso lokutyelela inani eli-58 ukuya kuma-65 ekhulwini kwiintsimbi ze-iron ore ezinikelwa kwiichweba ezisenyakatho yeChina.
Idatha ye-TSI ngoku isetyenziselwa ukutshintshana eMntla Melika, eYurophu, e-Indiya naseSingapore ezinikezela ngezixhobo zemali ezixhamliweyo ezimbiweyo, abaxhamli, abahwebi, abasabalalisi, abaprojekthi kunye nabathengi.
I-Metal Bulletin Iron Ore Index inikezela ngexabiso lokulinganisa ixabiso leenombolo ze-iron ore, ezisetyenziselwa njengesiseko seenkontileka ze-ore zezivumelwano ezibonelelwa yiSingapore Mercantile Exchange (SMX).
Ngo-2009, abavelisi abaBhulu abathathu baxela ngokwahlukileyo ukuba baya kuyeka ukuthetha ngeenkontileka zamanani zonyaka kwaye bathengise i-ore ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lokuzimela ezizimeleyo.
Ukususela ngelo xesha, i-Big Big kunye ne-four-producer Fortescue Metals, kunye kunye ne-quarter-quarters ye-iron ore ezithunyelwa ngonyaka, sele ityala imali engaphezulu kwe-US $ 100 yezigidigidi ukukhulisa imveliso. Oku, kunye nokunciphisa imfuno esuka e-China, kuye kwaholela ekunikezeni ixabiso lentengo kunye nebala ephantsi kakhulu kunezona ziphezulu ezibonwe ngo-2011.
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