Ngaba i-Fascism ingenzeka kwiDemokhrasi?
Kwi-fascism, iinjongo zesizwe ziphakamisa zonke iimfuno zoluntu. Ifuna ukubuyisela isizwe kwixesha elide licocekileyo kwaye linamandla.
Iqhubeka nomntu wabucala kunye neshishini kulo mboniso wezinto ezilungileyo zorhulumente. Ngokwenzame yokwenza njalo, uzimisele ukuba "ngumxhaphazi," utshilo uGeorge Orwell ethi "Kuyintoni iFascism?"
I-Fascism isebenzisa lobu buzwe ukuba bube ngaphezu komdla ngamnye. Ixhomekeke kwinhlalakahle yoluntu jikelele ukufezekisa iinjongo zentlalo ebalulekileyo. Isebenza kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo esele zikhona, kunokuba zibhubhise. Ijolise "ekucoceni kwangaphakathi kunye nokwandiswa kwangaphandle," ngoProfesa uRobert Paxton kwi-" Anatomy of Fascism ." Oku kunokuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo ukuqeda uluntu lwabancinci kunye nabachasi.
Ukunyuka kwama-Fascist kunye neerimimeni zihluke kwiidemokhrasi zempi kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Bafuna ukubhalisa kunokuba babandakanye abantu. Bavame ukuwahlula ukwahlula phakathi kolawulo loluntu kunye nolwangasese. Iphelisa iminqweno yamacandelo abucala ngokuyifumene kuluntu oluhle.
Ngamazwi kaRobert Ley, intloko ye-Ofisi yeMisebenzi yamaNazi, eyedwa yedwa eyimfihlo kwiNazi eJamani yayingumntu olele.
UFascism uvela kwiLizwi lesiLatin. Kwakuyintambo eboshweyo eneentonga ezungeze i-ax kunye nomqondiso weRoma yasendulo. Kwathetha abantu ngabanye kuluntu kufuneka baphambukise intando yabo ngenxa yelilungelo likarhulumente.
Iziganeko ezisixhenxe zeFascism
UFascism usebenzisa i-Social Darwinism njengesiseko "sesayensi". Iqinisekisa ukuba ziphi na izifundo ezixhasa inkcazo yeempawu zesizwe kunye nokuphakama kobuhlanga buninzi besizwe. Uphando kufuneka luxhase imbono ka-fascism yokuba isizwe esinamandla kufuneka simele sihambisane nokugwema ukubola.
Ulawulo lwe-Fascist lunezi zinto ezi sixhenxe:
- Ukuthunjwa: Urhulumente ufikelela kwaye udibanisa ngamandla kunye kunye necawa.
- Ubuzwe : Iinkokheli zincenga isifiso sokubuyela kwixesha elidlulileyo legolide. Oku kungabandakanya ukubuyela kumntu olula, obumnandi bobufundisi.
- Ubukhosi: Bakhazimulisa amandla empi ngokusebenzisa i-propaganda.
- UBawo Umfanekiso: Inkokeli ithatha indima yoyise wesizwe. Udala isimo senkolo njengokuba "umbusi ongenasiphelo angaboni mntu."
- Isibheno soButyala: Inkokeli ibanga ukuba abantu, abonakaliswe njengombuso, banako ukuphumeza nantoni na. Ukuba abaphumelelanga, kuba ngenxa yee-payers, amaqela amancinci kunye nama-saboteurs.
- Uhlolo olukarhulumente: Urhulumente uthatha indima enkulu ekunqandeni ukuphikiswa. Ivuza abantu ababizayo.
- Utshutshiso: Urhulumente untshutshisa amaqela amancinci, kunye nabachasi.
Inzuzo
Uqoqosho lwamaFascist lukulungele ukuguqula ngokupheleleyo intlalo ukuze uhambelane nombono womcwangcisi.
Zinenzuzo ezininzi ezifanayo kwanoma yiphina i-economy ecwangcisiweyo. Iyakwazi ukuhlanganisa ubutyebi bezoqoqosho kwizinga elikhulu. Iqhuba amaprojekthi amakhulu kwaye idala amandla oshishino. Ngokomzekelo, uqoqosho lwaseRussia olucwangcisiweyo lwangaphakathi lwakha amandla akhe omkhosi ukunqoba amaNazi. Yakhawuleza yakhiwa kwakhona umnotho wayo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Iingxaki
Igunya eliphambili lokucwangcisa alinakufumana ulwazi oluchanileyo, oluchanekileyo nolwazi ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga neemfuno zabathengi. Oku kwenzeka ngokwemvelo kwizoqoqosho zentengiso yamahhala . Kodwa abacebisi abaphambili babeka umvuzo kunye namaxabiso. Balahlekelwa yimpendulo ebalulekileyo ezi zikhokelo zinikeza malunga nokubonelela kunye neemfuno.
Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukungabikho kwempahla yabathengi . Yonke imveliso ijongene nalabo abakhonza umdla wesizwe, njengezixhobo zempi kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu.
Ukuhlawulela, abemi bakha imakethi emnyama ukuba bathengise izinto izinto ezingaboneleli kwezoqoqosho. Oku kubangela ukuba abantu bathembele kuorhulumente kwaye bavelise ukuguquka nokuvukela ekuhambeni kwexesha.
I-Fascism inganaki okanye ihlasele abo abangenako ukufumana ukufikelela kwexabiso likazwelonke. Oku kubandakanya amaqela amancinci, asebekhulile, umngeni ocelomngeni, kunye nabagcini bawo. Ihlasele amaqela ukuba ityala ngezoqoqosho ezidlulileyo. Ezinye zibhekwa njengezixhamle okanye zingabalulekiyo ezingenasidingo ngokuchuma. Zingabonwa njengezinto ezimbi kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo kwaye zifakwe inzalo.
I-Fascism inceda kuphela abo bahambelana namaxabiso kazwelonke. Basenokusebenzisa amandla abo ukuba bagxininise inkqubo kwaye benze imingcele eyongezelelweyo yokungena. Oku kuquka imithetho, ukufunyanwa kwemfundo kunye nenkunzi. Kwixesha elide, oku kunokunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha .
I-Fascism ayinaki iindleko zangaphandle, ezifana nokungcola. Oku kwenza izinto zithengise kwaye zifikeleleke. Kwakhona kugxotha imithombo yendalo kunye nokunciphisa umgangatho wobomi kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Ukwahlukana Phakathi kobuFascism, ubuNkokeli, ubuNzululwazi kunye noKomanisi
| Isixhobo | Fascism | BuKomanisi | ZoLuntu | UbuNkokheli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izinto zokuvelisa ziphantsi | Ngabanye | Wonke umntu | Wonke umntu | Ngabanye |
| Izinto zokuvelisa zixabiso | Sakhiwo soLuntu | Ukusetyenziswa kubantu | Ukusetyenziswa kubantu | Ngeniso |
| Ulwabiwo lwagqitywa ngu | Isicwangciso esiPhakathi | Isicwangciso esiPhakathi | Isicwangciso esiPhakathi | Umthetho wokubonelela kunye neemfuno |
| Ukususela nganye ngokwemigaqo yakhe | Ixabiso kwiSizwe | Amandla | Amandla | Iimarike zenza isigqibo |
| Ngamnye ngokwemigaqo yakhe | Ku funeka | Igalelo | Ingeniso, ubutyebi kunye nobuchule bokuboleka |
UFascism Unxamnye noBuchule
I-Fascism kunye ne- capitalism zombini ivumela ukurhweba. I-fascist society iyayivumela abo bafaka isandla kumdla wesizwe. Abashishini kufuneka balandele imiyalelo yabacwangcisi abakhulu. Baya kuba nenzuzo kakhulu. Kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba banxibelelana nemarike.
Abanomashishini abaninzi banengqondo ezizimeleyo. Zikhetha ukuthatha iilawulwa kubaxumi, kungekhona urhulumente. I-Fascism inokutshabalalisa umoya woshishino, oko kukunciphisa izinto ezintsha. Izinto ezintsha zidala imisebenzi, irhafu yengeniso, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu. Iintlanga zamaFascist zilahlekelwa ngolu hlobo olunxulumene namanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhangela kwezobuchwepheshe yinto enye eyenza iMerika ithathe amanyathelo amaninzi phambi kweentlanga ezininzi. I-Silicon Valley yi-America inzuzo entsha .
I-Fascism, njenge-capitalist, ayikhuthazi ukulingana kwamathuba . Abo bangenalo isondlo esifanelekileyo, inkxaso, kunye nemfundo abanakuze bakwenze kwindawo yokudlala. Umbutho awusoze wazuza kwizakhono zabo ezibalulekileyo.
Fascism Versus Socialism
Kuzo zombini i-fascism kunye nentlalo-ntlalo , urhulumente uyavuza iintlawulo zeenkampani. Umahluko kukuba oorhulumente bezenhlalakahle baneenkampani kwiinkampani ezicwangcisekileyo. Ezi zi-oyile, igesi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinxulumene namandla.
Oorhulumente bamaFascist avumela ukuba abemi bodwa babe nabo. Urhulumente unokuba neenkampani ezithile, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kusekwe iikethile zezoshishino kumashishini. Ihambisa izivumelwano, ngaloo ndlela zichane abanikazi boshishino ukuba bakhonze urhulumente.
Fascism Versus Communism
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, i-fascism yafumana amandla kumazwe apho ubukhomanisi bebuyisongelo. Abanini-bhishini banqwenela inkokeli ye-fascist kuba babecinga ukuba bayayilawula. Babesaba kakhulu inguqu yamaKomanisi apho baphulukana nabo bonke ubutyebi namandla. Bayijongela phantsi ukuqhagamshelana kwenkokheli kuluntu jikelele.
Ngaba i-Fascism ingenzeka kwiDemokhrasi?
Iinkokeli zamaFascist zikwazi ukuphakanyiswa ngamandla ngonyulo lwentando yesininzi. U-Economist uMilton Friedman wacetyise ukuba idemokhrasi inokuthi ibe khona kuphela kwiindawo ezixhamlayo. Kodwa amazwe amaninzi ayenamacandelo ezomnotho oshukumisayo kunye noorhulumente okhethwe ngentando yeninzi. Kodwa uAdolf Hitler wakhethwa ukuba abe negunya eJamani. Wasebenzisa eso sigxina ukuba adilize iintshaba zakhe aze abe ngumholi we-fascist.
I-Fascism ikhula xa izithako ezintathu zikhoyo. Okokuqala, uhlanga kufuneka lube yingxaki enkulu kwezoqoqosho . Okwesibini, abantu bakholelwa ukuba amaziko akhona kunye namaqela karhulumente akakwazi ukuphucula imeko. Isithako sesithathu ngumqondo ukuba ilizwe lisetyenzisiweyo. Abantu bakhangelele inkokheli yokuzivuselela ukubuyisela isizwe ngobukhulu. Bakunyamezela ukulahlekelwa yintlalo yoluntu xa ivumela ukuba babuye baphinde bazuke.
Ngaba iUnited States ingangena kwi-fascism? Akukho ngaphandle kokuphula uMthetho-siseko. Okokuqala, ikhusela amalungelo amancinci ukusuka kwintshutshiso abafayo abayifumanayo. Uhlolisise kunye nezilinganiso. Inkokheli ye-fascist yayiza kutshabalalisa iCongress kunye neSebe lezobuLungisa ukuze lifumane amandla onke.
Umgaqo-siseko wase-United States ukhusela imarike yamahhala, kodwa oko kuyavumelana ne-fascism. Umzekelo:
- Isiqendu 1, iSigaba 8 senza ukhuseleko lwezinto ezintsha ngokusebenzisa i-copyright.
- Isiqendu I, iCandelo 9 ne-10 likhusela ishishini kunye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Ithintela ilizwe ngokukrhafisa imveliso yomnye ngamnye.
- Uhlengahlengiso IV luyakwenqabela ukukhangela koorhulumente okungenangqiqo kunye nokuthintela, oko kukukhusela ipropati yangasese.
- Uhlengahlengiso V lukhusela ubunini bepropati yangasese.
- Uhlengahlengiso XIV lunqabela urhulumente ukuba athathe indawo ngaphandle kwemigaqo yomthetho.
- Izilungiso ze-IX kunye neX zibeka amandla karhulumente kulabo bachazwe ngokusemthethweni kuMgaqo-siseko. Wonke amanye amagunya angakhankanyiweyo anikezelwa kubantu.
UMgaqo-siseko ukhusela ubukhulu-nkulu kunye nentando yesininzi. Kodwa i-fascism ayifani nentlalo-ntlalo okanye u-communism. Ivumela abanikazi bezoshishino ukuba bagcine iinkampani zabo. (Umthombo: uJames Dick, uJeffrey Blais, uPeter Moore, "Isahluko 1, njani uMgaqo-siseko uthathe iNkqubo yoQoqosho eMelika?" IiNkonzo zoLuntu kunye noRhulumente. )
U mzekelo
I-Fascism yenye yemiphumo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-Bolshevik Revolution, kunye neNkxwaleko enkulu . Imfazwe yenze iwaka lamawaka omkhosi. Baziva ukuba urhulumente ubathengisile ngokubathumela kwingxabano engadingekile. Ukuguqulwa kweRashiya kwenzelwa wonke umntu ukwesaba ukusabalaliswa kobukhomanisi. Ukudakumba kwenza abantu banqwenela ubomi obungcono.
Iinkokeli ze-fascist zaphumelela ngokubhenela uhlanga lwesizwe. Basebenzisa ubundlobongela babesongela abanye. Bakhokelela ukuba abalawuli abasemthethweni babelane ngamandla ekubuyeleni ukulwa nabakhomanisi.
EItali . UBenito Mussolini wasebenzisa igama elithi "fascist" ngo-1919. Wanyulwa, kodwa kuphela ngamavoti angama-4 796. Urhulumente osele ukhona wamnceda aphakamise amandla okulwa nama-omanisi. Kwakhona babefuna ukukhetha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamagorha. Ama-fascist aseTaliyane ayekholelwa ukuba ekubeni ukuphuhliswa kobuzwe besizwe kwakuyinyaniso yesayensi, ukugcinwa kwayo kufuneka kube yinto yomgaqo-nkqubo.
Iinkampani zaseItali ezizimeleyo zangamacandelo angama-22 anamaqela aseFascist Party njengabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu. I-arhente karhulumente inxaxheba kwiinkampani ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo. I-Instituto Mobiliare ilawula i-credit yelizwe.
EJamani . UHitler waba nemali engama-37.2 ekhulwini lokuvota ngo-1932. Ekubuyeleni, bafumana iinkontrakthi zikaRhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bekhoboka. Iikholeji zikaRhulumente zilawula iimali zoshishino, iimveliso kunye nezolimo. Bavumela abanikazi ukuba batyebi kwiingeniso, ngelixa behlisa umvuzo wabasebenzi.
Speyin. UFrancisco Franco walawule iSpain ukususela ngo-1939 ukuya ku-1975. Wawubhubhisa urhulumente okhethwe ngentando yeninzi ngexesha leMfazwe yaseSpeyin. Ekuqaleni, waqhuba iSpeyin ekuzimeleleni kwezoqoqosho. Oku akuzange kuncedise uqoqosho oluye lwahlulwa yimfazwe yombutho kwaye iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. ISpeyin yaxhatshazwa ngokwemali kunye nokukhula kwemarike emnyama. Ngama-1960, uFranco wavula iimarike zaseSpain ukukhulula urhwebo kunye nokutyalomali kwamanye amazwe.
Ezinye iintlawulo zama-fascist zaseAntonio de Oliveira Salazar ePortugal naseJuan Perón eArgentina. IBrithani eFransi, iFransi neHungary yayinomdla. Lawa aqhutywe ngaphambi kokufumana amandla amaninzi, ngokutsho kukaRobert Paxton "kwi-Anatomy yeFascism." (Umthombo: "I-Original axx of Evil," i-New York Times, ngoMeyi 2, 2004.)