I-Primer kwi-Basic Mutual Fund Iinkcazo
1. Mutual Fund
I- fund yokubambisana yintlobo yokhuseleko lotyalo-mali olwenza ukuba abatyali-mali baqokelele imali yabo ndawonye kunye nolo-mali olulawulwayo olulodwa. Iimali zengxowa-mali ziya kufaka imali kwiimpahla, iibhonksi, imali kunye / okanye ezinye izinto.
Ezi ntlobo zezokhuseleko, ezibizwa ngokuba yi- holdings zidibanisa ukwenza i-fund eyodwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi- portfolio .
Ngoku ngoku ngenjongo elula: Iimali zengxowa-mali ziya kuthathwa njengeebhasikidi zotyalo-mali. Inqabileyo nganye inamaninzi okanye amaninzi ezindidi zezokhuseleko, ezinjengamasheya okanye amabhondi. Ngoko ke, xa umtyalo-mali ethenga i- fund eyodwa, bathenga iteksi yokugcina imali. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba umtyalo-mali akasenayo i-securities esezantsi-ukubamba - kodwa kunoko ukubonakaliswa kwezo ziqinisekiso; abatyali-mali bathatha izabelo zeengxowa-mali zentsebenziswano, kungekhona izabelo zabanikazi.
2. Imithwalo ye-Mutual Fund
Imithwalo imirhumo ehlawulwa kumtyalomali xa kuthengisa okanye kuthengisa iintlobo ezithile zeemali eziphathekayo. Kukho iintlobo ezine zemithwalo: Imithwalo yangaphambili yokugqibela ihlawulwe phambili (ngelixesha lokuthenga) kunye nomyinge malunga ne-5% kodwa ingaba phezulu 8.5%. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba utyalomali i-$ 1,000 ngemithwalo yangaphambili ye-5%, isixa somthwalo siya kuba yi-$ 50.00 kwaye ngoko utyalo-mali lwakho lokuqala luya kuba yi-$ 950.
Imithwalo yokugqibela yokugqibela , ebizwa nangokuthi iindleko zokuthengisa ezithengisiwe , zihlawuliswa kuphela xa uthengisa isikhwama esilandelayo. Ezi ntlawulo zingabakho ama-5% okanye ngaphezulu, kodwa inani lemithwalo liyancipha ngokukhawuleza ixesha kwaye lingancitshiswa kuze kube yilapho emva kwenani leminyaka ethile. Iimali ezikhutshwe ngemithwalo mali ziyimali evame ukuhlawulisa umthwalo kodwa ikhuphe ukuba kukho imeko efanelekileyo, njengento yokuthenga eyenziwe kwisicwangciso se-401 (k).
Akukho mali-mthwalo ayihlawulanga nayiphi na imithwalo. Le yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokusebenzisa imali ngenxa yokunciphisa imirhumo ekuncediseni ukukhuphula ibuyiselo. Xa uphando ngemali yokubambisana, unokwazi ukubona iimpawu zomthwalo ngeleta 'A' okanye 'B' ekupheleni kwegama le-fund. Yabelana ngeklasi Iimali zixhaswe ngemali elayishwe ngaphambili kwaye ukwabelana ngeklasi B ziyimali elayishiwe. Ngamanye amaxesha iimali ezikhutshwe ngumthwalo zinemiyalezo 'LW' ekupheleni kwegama le-fund. Kwakhona, qiniseka ukuba ukhangele iimali ezingekho mthwalo. Iinkampani ezimbalwa ezintle ezingekho mthwalo zenkampani ziquka iVanguard , iTrust , neT. Rowe Price .
3. Iklasi Yokwabiwa Kwemali:
Imali nganye yenkxaso-mali inesigaba sabelo , okuyiyo ngokuhlengahlengiswa kwendlela imali ehlawulwa ngayo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeeklasi zentengiso yabathengi, nganye neenzuzo zayo kunye neentsilelo, eninzi zazo eziphambili kwiindleko.
- Izabelo zeKlasi A nazo zibizwa ngokuba yi-"load load" ngenxa yokuba iirhafu zabo zihlawuliswa "phambili" xa umtyalomali athenge kuqala isabelo kwi-fund. Imithwalo ivela kwi-3.00% ukuya kwi-5.00%. Izabelo zilungele ukuba abatyali-mali abasebenzisa umthengisi kwaye baceba ukutyala imali eninzi yamadola kwaye baya kuthenga amashishini ngokungapheliyo. Ukuba inani lokuthenga liphezulu ngokwaneleyo, abatyali-mali bangakwazi ukufumana "izaphulelo zokuphumula."
- Iiklasi zeSahluko B sabelana ngeSahlulo seSahlulo seSahlulo seSahlulo sokwabelana ngemali engasithwala iindleko zokuthengisa ezisekupheleni, kodwa kunoko, uhlawule umrhumo wokuthengisa othe wenziwa (CDSC) okanye "umthwalo wokugqibela." Izabelo zeBakala B nazo zithatha iifizi eziphezulu ezi-12b-1 kunezinye iiklasi zezabelo zengxowa-mali. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umtyalo-mali uthengisa amasheya e-Class B, akayi kuhlawulwa umthwalo wokugqibela kodwa uya kuhlawula umva wokugqibela umthwalo xa umtyalomali uthengisa izabelo phambi kwexesha elichaziweyo, njengeminyaka engama-7, kwaye banokuhlawuliswa ukuya kuma-6% ukuhlawulela izabelo zabo. Izabelo zeBakala B zingagqithiselwa ukutshintshwa kwizabelo ze-Class A emva kweminyaka esixhenxe okanye yesibhozo. Ngako oko banokuba ngabahle kakhulu kubatyalo-mali abangenalo okwaneleyo ukutyalo-mali ukuze bafumane ithuba lokuphumula kwi-A share kodwa bazimisele ukubamba amasheya eB e iminyaka emininzi okanye ngaphezulu.
- I-C C Yabelana ngeFund Fund ihlawulisa "umthwalo umthwalo" ngonyaka, oqhelekileyo u-1.00%, kwaye le ntlawulo ayizange ihambe, okwenza i-C ibelane ngemali eyona xabisa kakhulu kubatyalomali abatyalomali ixesha elide. . Ngokubanzi, abatyalo-mali kufuneka basebenzise amasheya e-C kwikota elifutshane (ngaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu).
- Iiklasi ze-Class D zokwabelana ngokuqhelekileyo zifana neengxowa-mali ezingabikho mthwalo kuba ziyingxenye yesabelo sokwabelana ngemali eyadalwa njengenye inxaxheba kwisabelo esiqhelekileyo nesiqhelekileyo, isabelo sesabelo se-B kunye ne-C share share that are front load, back ukulayisha okanye ukulayisha umgangatho, ngokulandelanayo.
- Iiklasi ze-Adv Adv Fund zifumaneka kuphela ngomcebisi-mali-mali, ngoko ke isicatshulwa esithi "Adv." Le mali ayikho mthwalo (okanye into ebizwa ngokuthi "ukukhishwa komthwalo") kodwa ingaba nemali eyi-12b-1 ukuya kwi-0.50%. Ukuba usebenza nomcebisi-mali okanye omnye uchwepheshe wezezimali, izabelo ze-Adv zinokuzikhethela kakuhle kuba iindleko zihlala ziphantsi.
- I-Class Inst Share Fund (i-Class I, i-Class X, okanye iYlasi Y) ngokuqhelekileyo ifunyanwa kuphela kubarhwebi beziko kunye nexabiso elincinci lotyalo-mali lwama-25,000 okanye ngaphezulu.
- Iimali ezixhaswe ngeMali-mali zixhaswe ngeengxowa-mali zokwabelana ngeengxowa-mali, ezifana ne-A share class fund. Njengoko igama liphakamisa, umthwalo wesikhwama somxhaso uxoshwa (awuhlawulwanga). Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi mali zinikezwa ngo-401 (k) izicwangciso apho imali elayishiwe ingakhethi. Iimali zengxowa-mali eziye zatshatyalaliswa zifunyenwe ngu "LW" ekupheleni kwegama le-fund kunye nasekupheleni kwesimboli seelayi . Ngokomzekelo, i-American Funds Growth Fund yaseMelika A (AGTHX), esiyiNgxowa-mali yesabelo, sinokukhethwa komthwalo, i-American Funds Growth Fund yaseMelika A LW (AGTHX.LW).
- I-C lass R Yabelana ngeNgxowa-mali ayinalo umthwalo (umthwalo we-front-end, umthwalo wokugqibela okanye umthwalo) kodwa baneemali ezi-12b-1 eziqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-0.25% ukuya kwi-0.50%. Ukuba i-401 yakho (k) ibonelela ngemali yeklasi ye-R kuphela, iindleko zakho zinokuba ziphakamileyo kunokuba ukuba ukhetho lwentengiso lubandakanyekile inguqu-mthwalo (okanye ukukhishwa kwemithwalo) kweso sikhwama esifanayo.
4. Ixabiso leMali
Nangona umtyalo-mali usebenzisa isikhwama somthwalo, akukho zindleko ezingezantsi ngqo zokusetyenziswa kwi-fund. Umlinganiselo weendleko yipesenti yeemali ezihlawulwa kwiinkampani zenkxaso-mali yokulawula kunye nokusebenza kwenkxaso-mali, kuquka zonke iindleko zolawulo kunye nemirhumo ye-12b-1. Inkampani yenkxaso-mali iya kuthatha ezo ndleko kwi-fund ngaphambi kokuba umtyalomali abone ukubuya. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umyinge weendleko ze-fund ye-joint fund yayingu-1.00%, kwaye utyalomali i-$ 10,000, iindleko zonyaka onikeziweyo ziya kuba yi-$ 100. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko azithathi ngqo ngqo kwi-pocket yakho. Iindleko ngokufanelekileyo zinciphisa ibuyiselo elipheleleyo lemali. Beka ngokungafaniyo, ukuba i-fund ifumana i-10%, phambi kweendleko, kunyaka onikeziweyo, umtyalomali uza kubona ukubuyela kwe-9.00% (10.00% - 1.00%).
5. Inkcazo zeNgxowa-mali
Isalathisi , ngokubhekiselele kutyalo-mali, yinkampu yesampula yee-securities ezimele icandelo elichaziweyo lemarike. Ngokomzekelo, i- Index ye - S & P 500 , isampuli malunga nama-stocks amakhulu amakhulu angama-500. Iingxowa-mali zengxelo zixhaswa ngemali nje kuphela ezozityale kwii-securities ezifanayo njengenkcazo yokubonisa. Ingqiqo ekusebenziseni imali yenkcazo kukuba, ngokugqithiseleyo kwexesha, uninzi lwabaphathi beengxowa-mali abanamandla abakwazi ukugqithisa i-index indexes. Ngoko ke, kunokuba uzame "ukubetha imarike," kuwukuhlakanipha ukutyhala imali kuyo. Le ngcamango luhlobo "ukuba awukwazi ukubetha ', qhafaza iqhinga". Iimali zengxelo efanelekileyo zizinto ezimbalwa eziphambili ezifanayo. Zigcina ixabiso eliphantsi, zenza umsebenzi omhle wokuhambelana nesithenjwa sekhowudi (ebizwa ngokuba yimpazamo yokulandelela), kwaye zisebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisela. Ngokomzekelo, esinye isizathu sokuba iVanguard inezinye zezilinganiso eziphantsi kweendleko zabo zenkcazo zemali kukuba zikhangisa kakhulu kwaye ziphantsi zabanini-zimpahla zabo. Ukuba inkcazo yeengxowa-mali inexabiso leendleko ze-0.12 kodwa i-fund efana neyo-mali inexabiso le-0.22, i-index index engaphantsi ine-advantage 10.4. Oku kubalwa kuphela kwi-10 yentsenti yokonga imali nganye eyi-100 eyi-invested kodwa yonke ipenki ibalwa, ngokukodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukukhawuleza.
6. I-Market Capitalization
Ngentengo-mali yemali yokuthengisa-mali (okanye i-cap market), ibhekisela kwixabiso lesabelo sesitokhwe esandisiwe ngenani lezabelo ezikhoyo. Iingxowa-mali zamanyathelo amaninzi zikwahlula ngokusekelwe kumyinge wexabiso lwemali yeemali ezikhoyo. Oku kubalulekile kuba abatyali-mali kufuneka baqiniseke oko bathenga. Iimali ezinkulu ze-Stock Stock zifaka imali kwiimpahla zentengiso kunye neentengo ezinkulu zeemarike, ngokuqhelekileyo ziphezulu kunezigidi ezili-10 zeebhiliyoni. Ezi nkampani zinkulu kangangokuthi mhlawumbi uvile ngabo okanye ungathenga izinto okanye iinkonzo ezivela kuzo rhoqo. Amanye amagama esitokisi amakhulu aquka i-Wal-Mart, i-Exxon, i-GE, i-Pfizer, i-Bank of America, i-Apple ne-Microsoft. I-cap-cap Iimali ze-Stock Investment zifaka imali kwiimpahla zeenkampani zorhafu yobukhulu bemali, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-$ 2 yezigidi kunye ne-$ 10 billion. Uninzi lwamagama enkampani onokuyiqonda, njenge-Harley Davidson kunye neNetflix, kodwa abanye onokungazi, njengeSanDisk Corporation okanye i-Life Technologies Corp. Inkxaso- mali encinane ye-Stock Invests inotye kwiimpahla zeenkampani zentengo encinci, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-$ 500 yezigidi kunye ne-2 biliyoni yezigidi. Nangona i-dollar-dollar corporation ingabonakala inkulu kuwe, incinci ifaniswa ne-Wal-Marts kunye nee-Exxons zehlabathi. I-subset yamashishini amancinci amancinci "i-cap-cap," emele imali ekutyala imali kwiinkampani ngokuqhelekileyo kwemali yeemarike ngokuqhelekileyo ingaphantsi kwezigidi eziyi-750 ezigidi.
7. I-Mutual Fund Style
Ukongeza kwi-capital, i-stocks, kunye nemali ye-stock zikwahlula ngesitayela esihlulwe kwiiNjongo zokuPhuhlisa, ukuBaluleka okanye ukuHlanganisa. Ukukhutshwa kweeNgxowa-mali eziKhulayo kutyalo kwiimali ezikhulayo, ezizi-stocks zeenkampani ezilindeleke ukuba zikhule ngokukhawuleza kunomlinganiselo wemarike. Ixabiso leeMali zeNkxaso- mali zifaka imali kwiimpahla zentengo, eziyi-stocks zeenkampani ezithatyathwa ngumtyalomali okanye umphathi wezikhwama zixhomekeke ekuthengiseni ngentengo ephantsi kunexabiso lemarike. Ixabiso leMali yeNgxowa-mali idlalwa ngokuba yi- Dividend Mutual Funds kuba ixabiso lesitokhwe lihlala lihlawula iindleko kubasomali-mali, kanti isitokhwe sokukhula asikhohla igalelo kumtyalomali kuba iqumrhu libuyisela igalelo ekuqhubekeni likhula. Iingxowa-mali ze-Stock Blend zifaka imali ngokuxuba kokukhula kunye nexabiso lempahla. Iimali zeBond nazo zikwahlula isitayela, ezi-2 zihlulo eziphambili: 1) Ukukhula / ixesha elide, elichazwe njengexesha elide, ixesha eliphakathi, kunye nexesha elifutshane, 2) Ubunjani bekhredithi, eyahlula kwizinga eliphezulu, utyalo-mali, kunye nezantsi (okanye i-junk).
8. Iingxowa-mali ezilinganisiweyo
Iingxowa-mali ezilinganiseleyo zixhaswa ngemali ekwabelana ngokubambisana (okanye ibhalansi) yamashishini atyalo-mali, njengama-stocks, bonds, kunye nemali. Kwakhona kuthiwa yimali ye-hybrid okanye imali eyabelwe i- asethi, ukwabiwa kwe- asethi kuhlala kulungelelanisiweyo kwaye kusetyenziswe injongo ebhaliweyo okanye isityalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, ingxowa-mali echanekileyo ingasetha imali ngokuxuba ngokuxhomekeke kwintengiso ye-asethi, njengama-stock% 40, i-bond% 50 kunye ne-10% yemarike yemali.
9. Iimali zeeNgxowa-mali zokuThola umhla
Olu hlobo lweengxowa lusebenza njengegama layo libonisa. Imali nganye inomnyaka egameni le-fund, njenge-Vanguard Target Retirement 2055 (i-VFFVX), eya kuba yinkxaso efanelekileyo kumntu olindele ukuhlala phantsi okanye ngasekupheleni konyaka we-2055. Ezinye iintsapho zeengxowa-mali, ezifana nokunyaniseka kunye Ixabiso leT. Rowe, unikezele ngemali yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ekujoliswe kuyo. Nantsi ngokuyiyo indlela abasebenza ngayo, ngaphandle kokunikezela umhla ojoliswe kuwo : Umphathi wezezimali unikezela isabelo esifanelekileyo se-asethi (ukuxuba ama-stocks, bonds, kunye nemali) kwaye ngokukhawuleza utshintshe i-holdings kwisabelo esilukhuselekileyo (amasheya ambalwa, amabhondi amaninzi, kunye nemali) njengoko umhla wokujoliswa usondela.
10. IiNkcazo zeMali
Ezi zimali zijolise kumashishini athile, injongo yezenhlalakahle okanye icandelo ezifana nokunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala okanye iteknoloji. Injongo yabo yokutyalomali kukubonelela ngokugqithiseleyo kumaqela athile e-industry, abizwa ngamacandelo. Abathengi be-Mutual basebenzisa iimali zecandelo ukwenzela ukwandisa ukunyuka kwamacandelo amashishini abacinga ukuba baya kwenza ngcono kunamanye amacandelo. Ngokuthelekiswa, iimali ezahlukileyo-ezo ezingagxininise kwicandelo elinye - ziya kuba sele zikhokelela kwiinkalo ezininzi zamashishini. Ngokomzekelo, i- S & P 500 Index Index inikezela ukuchazwa kwamacandelo, njengononophelo lwempilo, amandla, iteknoloji, izibonelelo kunye neenkampani zemali. Abatyalomali kufuneka baqaphele ngemali yecandelo ngenxa yokuba kukho ukwanda kwengozi yemarike ngenxa yokungazinzi ukuba icandelo lithinteka. Ukugqithisa ngaphezulu kwecandelo elinye, umzekelo, uhlobo lwexesha lemarike engangqina ukuba inokuthi inokulimaza kwipotfoliyo ye-investor ukuba icandelo lenza kakubi.
Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olukule ndawo lunikezelwa ngeenjongo zengxoxo kuphela, kwaye akufanele lichazwe ngokungeniswa njengeengcebiso zotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle kweemeko ngaba le nkcazelo ibonisa isincomo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso.