Omnye wemigangatho yezemali unokuhlangabezana namaxesha amaninzi kwimisebenzi yakho yokutyalomali "ubulungisa". Njengengqiqo ebalulekileyo, kubalulekile ukuba awuqonde nje kuphela inkcazo, kodwa indlela inokuthi isahluke ngayo ngokubhekiselele kumxholo. Nazi ezinye iintetho ezibalulekileyo omele uzigcine engqondweni:
1. Ukusebenzisa "amaLungelo" njengesiNgqamaniso seStock Common
Igama elithi "amashishini", xa lisetyenziselwa ubuninzi, ludityaniswe ngokubanzi kwizabelo zesisitya esifanayo , nangona ngamanye amaxesha ukuva ukuba kusetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiimpahla ezikhethiweyo, izitokhwe ezikhethiweyo eziguquguqukayo zibe yintengiselwano efanayo .
Ngamanye amazwi, ichanekile ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-stock evamile kwaye yinto yokukhetha ulwimi kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uvile umntu uthi isigwebo, " ndityalomali kwi-real estate , nangona ndinamalungelo athile kwipotfoliyo yam." Oko bathethayo: "Ndityalo-mali kwi-real estate, nangona ndibambe iifotyi ezifanayo kwipotfoliyo yam." Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ii-equity zihlobo lokhuseleko kodwa akuzona zonke iziqinisekiso ezilinganayo.
Xa uxoxa ngeengxelo ezilawulwa ngabanye kwi-intanethi eziphezulu kunye nabanini-mali abaphezulu abanokuthi bahlangabezane neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulingana. Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Amagqabantshintshi amakhulu Amagqabantshintshi amakhulu agxininise ekuthengeni iwona mkhulu kunabo bonke, ezininzi ezizinzileyo ze- chip chip e-United States
- Amashishini-iNkcazo yeNgeniso ejolise ekufumaneni iimpahla eziqhelekileyo eziphezulu ezihlawula izabelo
- Iingxelo ze-Equity Index ezifuna ukulinganisa okanye ngandlela-thile ziphinda ziphendule i-index market
- Ukuveliswa kweNqanaba eliPhakamileyo eliPhambili elijolise ekufumaneni amasheya aneemveliso eziphezulu eziphezulu
- Isahlulo sokuHlahliswa kweeNkcubeko ezijolise ekuthengeni izitokethi kunye neerhafu ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kunokuba isitokisi esifanelekileyo
- Amanqanaba omde / amfutshane Amalinge azama ukubonelela ngenzuzo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elide kunye nokunyaniseka okuncinane kuneemarike zaso sonke
- Amaqhinga e-Equity Amazwe onke akha ukwakha indlela yokutyalo malunga nokufumana amasheya kwilizwe okanye kwindawo ethile. Oku kungadlulela kwiinkqubo zobungqina bokulingana. Ngokomzekelo, i-MSCI EAFE, enye yeengqungquthela ezilandelelanayo zokulingana, "yenzelwe ukumela ukusebenza kweemali ezikhuselekileyo ezinkulu kunye phakathi kweemarike eziphuhlisiweyo ezingama-21, kuquka amazwe aseYurophu, eAustralasia naseMpumalanga Ekude, ngaphandle kwe-US neKhanada I-Index ibonelele kwimimandla emimandla, amacandelo eemarike / ubukhulu kwaye ihlanganisa malunga ne-85% ye-capital-adjusted capital market in a mazwe angama-21. "
Kuyafana nokuxhaswa kwemali. Iingxowa-mali ezizimeleyo ezityalomali kuphela, okanye ngokuthe ngqo, kwiimpahla ezifanayo okanye ezinye iziqinisekiso zokubambisa zibizwa ngokuba yimali yokulingana . Uyakwazi ukufumana igunya lokutyalomali lokutshala imali ngokufunda i- prospectus fund . Inkoliso yemali yeengxelo ezinkulu, njengalezo ezilandelwayo kwi-S & P 500 yekholeji yesitashishini samasheya, iimali zokulingana, nangona iikhomputha zenkxaso zikho kwiiklasi ze-asethi ezingafaniyo ezifana nezibophelelo, nazo.
2. Ukusebenzisa "ii-Equity" ukubhekisela kwi-Consolidated Sheet Concept
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko, "ukulingana", xa isetyenzisiweyo, ibhekisela kwingcamango ebanzi yobunini okanye ixabiso lemali-mali ye-balance-e-equity equities .
Eli nani livumela umtyalo-mali ukuba ingaba imali eshiyelwe kubabani boshishino ukuba zonke izibophelelo zemali zisuswe kuzo zonke iimpahla ze-accounting. Qaphela ukuba ukulingana kwabanini-nxaxheba akulona, ngokukodwa, ngokufanayo kunye nexabiso elibonakalayo lempahla okanye ixabiso leencwadi , njengoko ixabiso elibonakalayo elithintekayo lithatha ukuthatha i-equity equities and backing out assets incorangible njenge-Goodwill .
Kwamashishini athile, ukulingana kwamabinini-mfanelo kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuncedo ekunqumeni ukuba yintoni inkampani efanelekileyo. Kwamanye amashishini, ngokukodwa lawo angadingi ixabiso leempahla ukwenzela ukuvelisa ingeniso, ukulingana kwamaphepha e-balance balance is utility limited. Umzekelo obalaseleyo wangaphambili ngexesha ndibhale eli nqaku nguBerkshire Hathaway, Inc.; yolu hlobo, inkampani enkulu yeprogram efana ne-Microsoft okanye i-Adobe.
Kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuba abatyali-mali abaninzi basebenzisa igama elithi "ukulingana" ngokungaqhelekanga lithetha "i-assets assets minus liabilities" ngendlela engangqinelani nezobugcisa ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufumana umnini-zimali wezindlu, unokuthi, "Le propati inenani lemarike eyi-$ 1,000,000 kwaye ndiqhuba i-$ 600,000 yokuthenga imali, ndishiye i $ 400,000 ngokulingana."
3. Ukusebenzisa i-"Private Equity" kwiSakhiwo soTyalo-mali oluNgcaciso kunye nefilosofi
Igama elithi "ukulingana kwangasese" lithetha uhlobo oluthe lwahlukileyo lobunini kubunini-mali oluthengiswa ngabantu, kwaye xa zisetyenziswe ngabasomali-mali beenkcukacha, iingxelo zentatheli zezemali kunye nabafundi, ziza kunye neenkcukacha zezinto ezilindelekileyo ezilindelekileyo. Ukuba umntu uthetha ngokubambisana kwamashishini abucala, ngokuqhelekileyo uthetha ukuba bathatha inxaxheba kubambiswano olulinganiselwe okanye elinye iqumrhu elisemthethweni eliqhutywa ngumphathi wabanini-bucala. Umphathi wabanini-bucala ubamba imali yabalingani kwaye uyayifaka kwiinkampani ezizimeleyo ezingathengiswanga ngaphezu kwe-counter okanye kwi- stock exchange exchange . Abaphathi bamashishini abucala bahlaziya kwakhona amashishini, kuquka ukwenza utshintsho kwisakhiwo senkampani enkulu , ngenjongo yokuthengisa ishishini kumnye umthengi okanye ukuphuma ngomnikelo wokuqala uluntu (IPO) kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kweyisixhenxe. Ukutshintshiselwa ukuhlawulela umrhumo kunye nokuthatha ingozi enkulu, abatyala-mali babucala bezobambiso balindela, kodwa abahlali bafumana, inzuzo ephakamileyo kwezotyalo-mali kunotyalo- mali lwama -vanilla kuma-equity-equity equity.
Abaphathi bamashishini abucala bahlala becacile. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abaphathi bamashishini abucala banokukhetha ukuthatha iinkampani zokutya ezipakishwe. Abanye banokuba ngaba ngugqirha ekugqityeni ukuthengwa okuphezulu. Abanye banokuba namava ekuphenduleni, bathathe inkampani ephazamisayo kwaye babuyiselwe kwinzuzo. Abanye banokusebenza kunye neenkampani kwibanga elithile lobukhulu kwaye balisebenzise kubaqhubi be-rollup ukwenza i-enterprise esebenza kakuhle, ebanzi.
Ukulingana kwangasese kudla ngokuhlukileyo kwi-capital venture kuba ukulingana kwangasese kubandakanya ukufunyanwa kweepesenti ezingama-100 ze-equity equity (ubunini) kwixesha lokuhlengahlengiswa, ngelixa i-capital venture ibandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba kwisigaba esithembekileyo sokuqala. Abanikazi bamashishini abucala ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka babe njalo kuthiwa " abatyali-mali abaqinisekisiweyo " abanako ukuhlangabezana nokunciphisa ubuncinane bempahla kunye / okanye iimfuno zengeniso, nokuba yedwa okanye inxulumene nomlingane.
Ukulingana kwangasese kukwahlukana nakwiimali zentambo kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlawula imali ekugxininiseni ("ukuhamba kwexesha"), okanye ukubheja ngokuchasene (" ukuphungula "), amashishini athengiswa esidlangalaleni, nangona ezinye zidibanisa ukuhlukana phakathi kobu buchule bobucala. Ekubeni sixoxe ngeBerkshire Hathaway ngethuba elithile elidlulileyo, umboniso obalaseleyo walo mzekelo we-hybrid: uBurren Partnerships apho uWarren Buffett wahlawula khona imali yokuqala eyamvumela ukuba akhe enye yeyona nto inkulu kunabo bonke kwimbali yehlabathi. I-Buffett Partnerships ayifumanekanga kuphela kwiimpahla zorhwebo, kodwa izikhundla zolawulo kwamanye amashishini avumela ukuba ulawulo lube nokuphatha ezo zakhiwo njengotyalo-mali lwangasese.