Yiyiphi i-Uny-In and How Does It Work?

I-Bail-Ins ne-Bail-Outs: Yintoni eyahlukileyo?

Uninzi lwabantu luyaqhelana nombono wokuxhaswa kwemali emva koxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho , xa oorhulumente abaninzi baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlangule amaziko abucala. Kodwa, kukho enye ikota eyaba yinto exhaphakileyo kwimidiya yezemali ngexesha leengxaki zesikweletu seYurophu ebizwa ngokuba yi-"bhile-in". Eli gama libonisa indlela entsha esetyenziswe njengenye indlela yokukhishwa kwebheyili, engabonakaliyo phakathi kwabemi behlabathi lonke.

I-Bail-Ins ne-Bail-Outs

Ukukhutshwa kwemali-mali kuvela xa abatyala-mali abangaphandle, njengarhulumente, bahlangule umboleki ngokufaka imali ngenjongo yokuncedisa ukuhlawulwa kwetyala. Ngokomzekelo, abahlawuli berhafu base-US banikezela imali kwiibhanki ezininzi zase-US ngexesha lobunzima bezoqoqosho ngo- 2008 ukwenzela ukuba bancede bahlangabezane neentlawulo zabo zetyala kwaye bahlale bezoshishino, ngokuchasene nokutshatyalaliswa kwabathengi . Oku kuye kwasindisa iikhampani ezivela kwi-bankruptcy, nabakhokhi berhafu abacinga ingozi ehambelana nokungakwazi kwabo ukubuyisela imali mboleko.

Ngokutsho kwe-Economist, iphephancwadi elenza igama elithi "ibheyile-in", ibhayili-in kwenzeka xa ababolekisi bemboleki bephoqelelwe ukuba bathwale omnye umthwalo ngokuba nenxalenye yetyala labo elibhaliweyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abanamabhanki kwiibhanki zaseCyprus kunye ne-deposits abanama-euro angaphezu kwe-100,000 kwi-akhawunti yabo baphoqelelwe ukubhala inxalenye yabo. Le ndlela iphelisa ezinye iingozi kubahlawuli berhafu ngokunyanzelisa abanye ababolekisi ukuba bahlanganyele entlungu nasekubandezelekeni.

Nangona zombini iibheyile-ins kunye neebhanyile-zenzelwe ukugcina iziko elibolekayo lihamba, zithatha iindlela ezimbini ezahlukileyo ukuphumeza le njongo. Ukukhishwa kweebhonkco kwenzelwe ukugcina ababolekisi bavuya kwaye amanqanaba omdla aphantsi, ngelixa i-bail-ins ikulungele kwiimeko apho ukukhishwa kwebheyili kunzima okanye kungenakwenzeka, kwaye ababolekisi abanqweneli ngcamango yeso siganeko.

Indlela entsha yathandwa ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha leNkcazo yeMatyala yaseYurophu .

Ukusetyenziswa kweBheyili-Ins yokuSindisa amaZiko

Abaninzi abalawuli babecinga ukuba kukho ezimbini iindlela zokukhetha amaziko ahluphekileyo ngo-2008: ukuhlawula umrhumo werhafu okanye ukuwa kweprogram yebhanki. Kodwa, ngokukhawuleza ibheyile-ins yaba yinto yesithathu ekhangayo yokubuyisela amaziko ahluphekileyo ngaphakathi, ngokuba ngababolekisi bavuma ukuhlawula iibango zabo ezifutshane okanye ukubandakanya ukuhlengahlengiswa. Isiphumo sisiko esinamandla esinemali esingasetyenzisiwe kuorhulumente okanye ngabachaphazeli bangaphandle - kuphela ababolekisi babo.

Amasu afanayo asetyenziswe kwishishini lomoya ukuze ahlale eqhubekayo kwiinkqubo zokutyunjwa kunye nezinye iintlungu. Kule meko, iinkampani zakwazi ukunciphisa iintlawulo kubabolekisi ngokutshintshisa ubulungisa kwinkampani ehlelwe ngokutsha, ngokufanelekileyo eyenza abobolekayo ukuba bagcine abanye abatyalo-mali babo kwaye iinkampani zihlale zihamba. Ii-airways zaza kuzuza ke kumthwalo owenyulisiweyo wetyala kunye namalungelo abo-kuquka oku kukhutshwa kwabanini-matyala-uya kunyuka kwixabiso.

Okuthakazelisayo, i-bail-ins ingancedisa ukuphuma kwebheyili kwezinye iimeko. Ukubethelela ngempumelelo-kwabanye ababolekisi bachitha imali ethile, ngelixa ukufumana inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kwabanye kubancedisa imeko ngokuqinisekisa i-market ukuba iqumrhu liya kuhlala lixazululwe.

Kodwa, umngcipheko uhlala unokuba ibheyile-yabathengi abathile iya kubakhuthaza abanye ukuba bangabandakanyeki, kuba kufuneka bathathe iinguqu ezifanayo. Oku kwenza ukuba ibheyile-ins ingaqhelekanga ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha leemeko zesistim ezibandakanya amaziko amaninzi emali.

Ikusasa le-Bail-ins

Ukusetyenziswa kwebheyili-ins kwi-british crisis yaseKyprus kuye kwakhokelela ekukhathazeni ukuba isicwangciso sasiza kusetyenziswa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngamazwe xa sibhekene neengxaki zemali. Emva kwakho konke, izapolitiki ziyakwazi ukuphepha iingxaki zezopolitiko ezinokubambisana nabahlawuli berhafu , ngelixa ziqulethe iingozi ezinxulumene nokuvumela ukungaphumeleli kwebhanki kukukhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwemali.

Umngcipheko, okwenene, kukuba iimarike ezibopheleleyo ziya kuthatha kakubi. I-Bail-ins eyaziwayo kakhulu inokunyusa ingozi kubanini-mboleko kwaye ngoko kwandisa isivuno sokuba bafuna ukuboleka imali kumaziko.

Ezi ntlawulo zenzalo ephakamileyo zinokulimaza amanani kwaye zigqityiwe zibiza ngaphezu kwexesha elide kunexesha elide lokubuyiswa kwemali ngokwenza ixabiso lemali elizayo libiza kakhulu.

Ekugqibeleni, ezininzi zezoqoqosho zivuma ukuba ihlabathi liyakwazi ukubona ukuhlanganiswa kwezi zicwangciso kwikamva. Njengoko iSyprus ibeke umzekelo, amanye amazwe ngoku anesifanekiso kwizenzo kunye nengcamango yento eya kwenzeka emva koko. Iimarike zezemali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlala zixhalaba njengoko amaxabiso esabelo kwiibhanki zaseCyprus zibonise.