Amanani ensimbi ayibalulekanga kuphela kubenzi kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela kodwa sele sele esetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokubeka iliso kwiimeko zezoqoqosho kunye neemeko. Kodwa iimarike zenza njani ixabiso lentsimbi?
Ulwazi lweNkcazo yeMetro
Amanani entsimbi nganye , njengamaxabiso kwanoma yiphi impahla, ngokuqinisekileyo izimisele ngokubonelelwa kunye nokufunwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthatha loo nkcazelo ngokubonelela (imveliso kunye neempahla) kunye nokufuna (ukusetyenziswa) kuyifumaneka ngokukhawuleza, kuchanekile kwaye kuhleni, kuya kuba yiphutha elikhulu, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwesinyithi.
Ixabiso langoku alithethi nje ekunikezeni ngokukhawuleza kunye nemfuno kodwa kwakhona kulindelwe ukubonelelwa kwexesha elizayo kunye neemfuno. Ngokubanzi, ulwazi oluncinci lukhoyo, ixabiso elincinci liza kuba.
Icandelo elikhulu lenkonzo likhulile malunga nokuphanda, ukunika ingxelo kunye nokubonisana malunga nantoni nganye. Iiwebhusayithi ezingenakubalwa zibika ngokuhamba kwexabiso lentsimbi.
Enyanisweni, uninzi lwale phando kunye nokunika ingxelo lujoliswe kwiimarike ezinkulu zetsimbi , ezifana nobhedu , i- nickel , i- zinc , kunye nekhokelo . Kodwa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunikwe ingqwalasela engakumbi kwiintsimbi ezincinci, kubandakanywa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Iinkqubo zokumisela iintengo zivela kwiipontrakthi eziphambili kunye neziphambili ezithengiswa ngekhompyutheni kunye naseLondon kwiLondon Metal Exchange (LME) okanye eNew York kwiNew York Mercantile Commodity Exchange (COMEX) kwiingxowa-mali zokuqala zemali phakathi kwabathengi nabathengisi.
Iimakethe zetsimbi ezivuthiweyo, ezinjengeyo ingotshi ze-nickel, zibonakaliswe ngeendlela zokuzimisela iintengo ezicacileyo, njengendlela yokukhala ngokuvula e-LME, kunye nokuzikhethela kunye nokuhamba phambili kwezivumelwano ezibonisa ukuba ngaba bathathi-nxaxheba bemarike balindele i- nickel Ixabiso lentsimbi libe liintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwi-120 kwixesha elizayo.
Ngokugcina nokushicilela idatha kwi-nickel - kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zetsimbi, i-LME inikezela ngezinga elithile lokunciphisa umngcipheko kubathengi kunye nabatyalomali.
Izibalo kwiimveliso zetsimbi ye- tellurium yehlabathi, ngokuchaseneyo, akunzima nje ukuza kodwa zingathembekanga, ukuba zincinci. Esinye isizathu esona sizathu kukuba asikho emdlalweni lwabalungisi - abahlala bekhompyutheni ngasese - ukupapasha ulwazi malunga nemveliso kunye namanqanaba okubala.
Iimarike zeemfuno ze-tellurium - kunye nezona zincinci ezincinci - ayinakulinganiswa kakhulu, zixhomekeke kwizicelo ezimbalwa nje, njenge-energy solar kunye ne-thermo-electronics. Ubungakanani bemveliso ye-tellurium yehlabathi jikelele kunciphisa amathuba okutshintshiselana ekulawuleni ukuthengiselana okanye ukuphuhliswa kweentengiso zekhompyutha kunye nokuhamba phambili. Ngenxa yoko, abathengi kunye nabathengisi besi sinyithi esincinci kufuneka baxoxisane ngokuthengwa kwemali yesinyithi.
Ukumaketha iMakethi yeMetri
Ngenxa yokungafani kwimihlaba yeemarike, iindlela zokubaluleka kwexabiso, kunye neenani ezivelisiweyo, iimarike zetsimbi zihlala zihlukaniswa ngamaqela amahlanu, ngasinye sinemimandla ecacileyo:
1. Isiseko seMetroli: Imarike yomhlaba wonke isiseko seziseko sinokuthathwa njengeyona nto iphuhliswe ngayo nayiphina iqela lezinyithi. Enyanisweni, ukuthunyelwa kweemvumelwano zokuthunyelwa kweethusi kunye ne-tin kubakho kwi-19 leminyaka. Ngoku iimarike kunye neeseksksi zokurhweba emhlabeni jikelele zilungelelanise ukuthengiselana, iiligidi ezilinganayo zeedola ngonyaka.
Iikontrakthi zangaphambili kunye neenketho, kunye nokuthengiswa kwekhompyutha, zonke ziye zafaka isandla kwiimarike ezisebenzayo. Leyo enye inokukwazi ukucacisa ngokuthe ngempumelelo okokuba abathengi nabathengisi bazimisele ukuhlawula isinyithi esithile.
Ngenxa yoko, umahluko phakathi kobhankqalazo kunye nokunikezela kwamaxabiso kwisiseko esisezantsi ngokuqhelekileyo kuncinci kuncinci kunokuba yintoni enye eyayiza kubona ezinye izinyithi.
Amanani entsimbi ephantsi, afana nocingo lobhedu okanye ipowder, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo eziphezulu, ezinjenge-ore zethusi kunye nokugxila, zingathengwa zithengiswe ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso anqunywe ngumgangatho wemarike.
2. I-Steel kunye ne-Ferro-Alloys : Nangona iqulunqwe kakuhle, imarike yensimbi ayikhulile njengemarike yesiseko sesimbi. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kukuba isinyithi, ngokwemvelo, yintengiso encinane. Uhlobo olubanzi lwamabakala kunye nokuhlukana kweefom, ezifunwa ngabasebenzisi abangapheliyo ekupheleni, ukwenza kube nzima ukuseka umgangatho wemarike ngendlela okwenziwa ngayo ubhedu, ngokomzekelo, imiselweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-LME yaqalisa ukunikela ngezivumelwano ezisekelwe kumabakala angama-9 ahlukeneyo zeebhentshini zensimbi ngo-2008.
I-New York Mercantile Commodity Exchange (COMEX) yaqala ukuthengisa i-coil ye-coil yonyaka efana ne-hot-rolled. Ngoxa i-Shanghai Futures Exchange yaqala ukuthengisa i-rebar kunye ne-wire ngonyaka ka-2009.
Iimarike ze-ferroalloys, ezifana ne-ferromanganese kunye ne-ferrosilicon, ayancinci ukukhula, kunye namaxabiso athatyathwa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwabathengi kunye nabathengisi.
3. Amaminithi amancinci : Ixabiso leensimbi ezincinci, kubandakanywa izitroniki zombane ezifana ne-indium, i- gallium kunye ne- germanium , kunye neensimbi ze-refractory ezifana ne- tungsten kunye ne-tantalum, zicetyiswa kuphela phakathi kwabathengi kunye nabathengisi. Inani elincinci labathathi-nxaxheba beemarike, kunye nezicelo ezikhulayo zezinto ezininzi ezincinci, kwenza kube nzima ukuphuhlisa utyalo-mali oluphambili kunye nezixhobo zokuzimisela intengo.
Ngo-2008, nangona kunjalo, izivumelwano zombini ze- cobalt kunye ne- molybdenum zathoma ukurhweba kwi-LME, ezenza zibe zinyithi ezincinane zokuqala ukuthengisa iimarike. Ukugqithisa okubonelelwe ngoshishino lwe-elektroniki kunye nebala, kunye ne-inventories esungulwe, kwiingcamango, ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwexabiso kunye nokubonelela ngokuchanekileyo kwentengo.
4. I-Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) : Ngenxa yenani elincinci kakhulu labahlaziyi be- PGM kunye nabathengisi, amanani alezi zinyithi ngokuqhelekileyo asekwe ngamaofisi okuthengisa abavelisi abakhulu. UJohnson Matthey, i-ejenti yokuthengisa ekhethekileyo ye-Anglo Platinum (umvelisi omkhulu weplatinum wehlabathi), ubeka ixabiso lentengo nganye kwi-PGMs kabini imihla ngemihla kwiidkski zayo zokuthengisa e-USA, eHong Kong, naseLondon.
Ixabiso lezinye izitye, ezifana ne-osmium, zibone utshintsho oluncinane kwiminyaka, ikakhulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okuncinci, ngelixa amaxabiso e-platinum , enemfuno ebalulekileyo evela kumashishini kunye nakabasomali-mali, atshintsho nsuku zonke.
5. Iimveliso ezixabisekileyo: Akukho i- platinum , i- palladium , kunye namanye ama-PGM, xa sithetha ngeensimbi ezixabisekileyo sithetha ngegolide nesilivere . Kwamawaka eminyaka, zombini isinyithi sele isetyenzisiwe njengendawo yokugcina ubuncwane kwaye, akumangalisi ukuba zombini iimarike ezicacileyo kwaye zicacileyo.
I-London Bullion Market Association (i-LBMA) isebenze ukususela ngo-1919 kwaye iyona nto ibonakalayo kwixabiso legolide, ngelixa igolide yexesha elizayo ithengiswa kwi-COMEX ne-Euronext. Ezinye iinkampani zemali kunye nezotyalo-mali zinikela ngeemveliso, iinketho, ikusasa, kunye neengxowa-mali ezithengiswayo ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lemarike yegolide.
Nangona i-LBMA kunye ne-COMEX zinikezela ngeenkontileka zeemarike eziza phambili zeesilivere zesilivere, ixabiso lentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo libhekwa njengento engathandekiyo kunexabiso legolide. Oku kungenxa yokuthengwa kwexabiso elincinci (abathengi abambalwa kunye nabathengisi) kunye nempembelelo yemfuno yezoshishino zesilivere, ekhulile i-akhawunti malunga ne-90% yesilivere imfuno ngonyaka.
Ixabiso leMatriki yeMatriki kunye namaxabiso eMveliso yamaTsimbi
Ngoxa i-economist, abahlalutyi kunye neentatheli ngokubanzi banenkxalabo yamanani emakethe amanani-mveliso ngenani elikhulu loshishino lwezentengiselwano okanye utyalo-mali, abakhiqizi kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela badinga amanani athile kwibakala elithile, ifom kunye nobuninzi bensimbi.
Oko kuthetha ukuthini kukuba, ngelixa i-economics ingayifunda ixabiso le-London Metal Exchange (LME) ye-cathode yobuncitshi, iinkampani zokwakha kunye nabakhiqizi be-electronics basekelwe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwixabiso lobhedu lobhedu kunye ne-powder powder.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukulungiswa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwexabiso lokuthengiswa kwezityalo zorhwebo kunye nezindleko zexabiso zetsimbi, kodwa ezo zombini azifane zifana (njengokuba intengo yomgubo ingaba nefuthe, kodwa ayigqibekanga, iindleko zesonka). Ukugqitha kwexabiso elongezelelweyo elihamba phambili lihamba, ezinye izinto (umz. Iindleko zabasebenzi, amandla kunye nezothutho) ziqala ukuchaphazela intengo yemveliso yensimbi.